Details Title: animal behavior Description: midterm Total Flash Cards: 44 Created: 10/14/2008 18:05:18		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Language - Korean Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term four levels analysis Definition proximate: mechanism, ontogeny... ultimate: selective advantage, phylogeny Term natural selection Definition requires variation, inheritance, differential survival -variation of which it acts originated from mutation -creates adaptations to environment at certain time Term types of natural selection Definition stabilizing, directional, disruptive Term evolution causes Definition natural selection, drift, immigration, emigration, founder effect Term constraints on adaptive perfection Definition failure of mutations to occur, pleitropy, linkage, coevolution Term comparative method Definition -between species analysis -look for changes related to behavior of interest -evolutionary transitions -identify selective pressures Term predation pressure Definition -evolution of mobbing correlated with evolution of increased predation pressure -mobbing behavior is adaptation for high predation pressure Term scientific method Definition -question -working hypothesis -testable prediction -collect data -results -hypothesis: explanation why something occurs Term group level of selection Definition -far removed from heredity -fitness link weaker -selection at low levels swamps higher levels Term game theory Definition used to understand costs and benefits of different behaviors when they depend on the actions of others Term prisoner's dilemma Definition -both stay quiet is best for group but not individual -confess better for individual, favors cheaters Term reciprocal altruism Definition -same as reciprocity (delay between benefits of actor and recipient) except there is a cost to actor -requires multiple interactions Term kin selection Definition -fitness=genes, not individuals -best explanation for altruism -inclusive fitness -selection acts on shared genes Term inclusive fitness Definition -net offspring production plus sum of relatives offspring correlated for r (coefficient of relatedness,) -Benefit recipient > Cost actor -r= E(.5)^s (s=generational steps) -not addressed by natural selection Term coefficient of relatedness Definition -probability of two individuals sharing copies of allele -allele identical by direct descent Term Hamilton's Rule Definition -rB>C -B and C difficult to measure Term Learning Definition -imprinting, habituation, classical/operant conditioning -natural selection shapes ability to learn (bias) -permanent change of behavior as a result of experience Term genetic basis of behavioral differences Definition -instinct (no prior experience, can be shaped through learning) -fixed action patterns (programmed response to stimulus) Term methods to study genetic contribution to behavior Definition -wild pop in lab -artificial selection -create hybrids -knock outs -knock ins -twin studies -assay genetic activity Term neurons Definition -transmit info via electrical/chemical signals, excitatory or inhibitory -only need 2 sensory neurons to localize sound -sensory->inter->motor -can have diff sensitivities Term circadian rhythm Definition -24hr -internal mechanism: alter behaviors w/out having to constantly monitor environment -external mechanism: can adjust to local variation (seasonal changes in day length) Term circannual rhythms Definition -internal factors: internal clock -external cues: social cues, day length Term organizational vs/ activational Definition -activational: short-term effect -organizational: critical period, long effect (reproduction, growth, development) Term behavior and hormone feedback Definition -behavior can cause changes in hormones -hormones don't cause behavior but play a regulatory or permissive role in emission of it Term optimality theory Definition -trait that maximizes B-C is favored Term mimicry Definition -batesian: nonpoisonous resembles poisonous (must be rarer than poisonous) -mullerian: poisonous animals resemble each other, benefit from shared warning -automimicry: attack the wrong end Term group living benefits Definition -more eyes to see predators -dilution effect: predator feeds at limited rates so reduced chance of predation -confusion effect: harder than catching individual prey (odd prey-easier to single out, not benefit) Term optimal foraging theory Definition -maximize rate of energy gain -useful for identifying important factors in foraging decisions Term cortisol Definition -increased levels during chronic stress (negative feedback on cortisol) -short term elevations adaptive -rise in response to predation and infanticide -leads to impaired immunity, reproduction, growth Term marginal value theorem Definition -should stay until rate of intake in that patch equals rate of intake across all patches Term frequency dependent selection Definition -fitness of a phenotype is a function of that phenotypes frequency in the population (over time pop reaches equilibrium) -fitness of genotype depends on frequency Term foraging strategies Definition -fixed: left/right jawed sharks -conditional: individual can flexibly adopt different strategies during lifespan (forager scrounger) Term group living Definition -costs: increased competition, risk of being pilfered -benefits: lower predation risk, help locate food, hunting, opportunity to pilfer Term ideal free distribution Definition -animals go where resources are Term territory Definition -key resources: mating sites, breeding sites, shelter, food -resource holding potential: males with better territories "better" Term dispersal Definition -short distance movements of animals -inbreeding avoidance, males usually disperse -female reproduction dep. on food availability, males on finding mates -costs energy, lose relationships, uncertainty -benefits new food mates, avoid depleted resources Term migration Definition -long distance movements -annual (unlike dispersal) -can be costly Term shortest -> longest Definition photoaxis, local landmarks, sun position Term group selection Definition if allele is beneficial to group it is favored Term uniformitarianism Definition -Lyell's theory stating that earth’s features are result of long-term processes that continue to operate in the present as they did in the past -Darwin used it in formulating his theory. Term genotype doesn't become fixed Definition -frequency dependent survival -frequency dependent reproduction -negative assortative mating -environmental change Term evolutionary stable strategy Definition strategy that if adopted by all members of a population cannot be invaded by alternative Term reflex Definition sensory to motor neuron Term attack deterrent Definition honest show of strength