Term
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Definition
| discovery of some phenomenon while scientists are looking for something else |
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Term
| What is the most notable instance of serendipity in psychology? |
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Definition
| Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning while studying digestion processes in dogs |
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Term
| What does the observational method include? |
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Definition
-systematic recording (videotaping, filming, photographing, drawing, and making a written account)
-observing different individuals at different times (day, night, seasons, etc).
-observations of different observers must be compared to avoid observer bias |
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Term
| Why do scientists track animals with a radio transmitter? |
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Definition
| -determine sizes of territories that species range over |
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Term
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Definition
| -a list of typical behaviors performed by a species under investigation |
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Term
| Method of isolation/deprivation |
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Definition
| -one group is deprived of some experience while another receives it |
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Term
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Definition
| -LESS CONTROL than in the lab, but the loss of control is balanced by keeping the environment/situation as natural as possible |
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Term
| Tinbergen: Wasp Field Research |
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Definition
-Wasp finds nest using memory of local landmarks
-placed pinecones around nest while wasp went to forage for food
-wasp could not find nest until pine cones were removed |
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Term
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Definition
-comparisons of behavior within a species
-comparisons between similar species
-comparisons between ancient and modern species |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Jarman (1974) - ungulates |
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Definition
COMPARISON STUDY
-compared lifestyles + environments of 74 ungulate species
-LARGE predators lived on open plains, smaller ungulates lived in forest to hide
--Lifestyles related to body size, diet, predation pressures |
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Term
| The ______ and ____ methods yield tentative conclusions that must be tested further to establish certainty |
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Definition
COMPARATIVE METHOD
CORRELATION METHOD |
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Term
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Definition
| -behavior of the animal is examined in terms of what a given behavior costs the animal versus what it gains |
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Term
| Tinbergen: Black Headed Gulls, Cost-Benefit Analysis |
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Definition
-after chicks hatch, mommy removes shells from the nest (inside of shells is white, outside is brown)
-TINBERGEN hypothesized that the white shells attracted predators; therefore, gulls removed them to protect babies |
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Term
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Definition
-When a researcher does not back up their hypothesis with new information or new setting
Science needs to involves a constant interchange between theory and actual data |
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Term
| TINBERGEN: Crows + egg shells |
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Definition
-placed unhatched eggs in one section + unhatched eggs surrounded by egg shells in another
-crows ate more of the eggs that had eggshells around them
-supported his hypothesis that gulls removed broken eggshells from nest to protect babies from predators |
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Term
| Tinbergen: Why do the gulls wait an hour before disposing of the empty eggshells in the nests? |
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Definition
-they wait for the baby birds' plumage to dry, because wet birds are easy to swallow whole by predators
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS |
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Term
| Songbirds: What is the difference between a CALL and a SONG? |
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Definition
CALL: simple vocalization; announce presence of predator or summon young to the nest
SONG: Complex series of sounds that is unique to the species and only occurs under certain circumstances |
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Term
| What did observing (in natural habitat) sparrows reveal about their songs? |
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Definition
-only male sparrow sings and only in the spring or breeding season
-one purpose of birdsong is to attract the female as a potential mate
-In some territories, males also use songs to claim a territory |
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Term
| What are the main FUNCTIONS of birdsong in sparrows? |
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Definition
REPRODUCTION
IDENTIFICATION
TERRITORIAL DEFENSE |
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Term
| MECHANICAL/proximate causes of birdsong |
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Definition
-testosterone levels are higher in spring (males are trying to compete for a mate, aggression is high, male is competing for territory
--when females are given testosterone injects, they sing! |
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Term
| Method of Isolation: Songbirds |
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Definition
-removed eggs from nest + Raised birds in lab
-birds were not able to hear other birds sing
-found that there was a CRITICAL PERIOD where birds learned songs from other birds. they mimiced sounds of humans in their songs |
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Term
| What is the difference between ANIMAL WELFARE and ANIMAL RIGHTS? |
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Definition
Animal Welfare: minimizing pain and suffering of animals
Animal Rights: animals have similar rights to humans + should have protection under law |
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Term
| Three R's in animal research: |
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Definition
REPLACEMENT: replacing animals with other methods
REDUCTION: using as few animals as possible
REFINEMENT: Using methods that lessen stress and discomfort |
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Term
| Animal Welfare Act of 1966 |
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Definition
Set guidelines for how animals are used
-alternative to the use of animals if painful procedures are proposed
-proper anesthetics if pain is involved
-attending vet: specific routines of exercise |
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Term
| ROLLIN: 3 R's of animal research |
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Definition
1. Replacement
2. Reduction
3. Refinement (decrease stress and discomfort) |
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Term
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Definition
-inobtrusive
-natural environment
first step on which to develop hypothesis
cannot make statement about causation |
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Term
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Definition
describes and defines all behaviors of an animal
(observational data) |
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Term
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Definition
-describe a group of organisms or individual by collecting data
-collect data from many sources
-data collected via questionnaire or interview |
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Term
| Drawbacks of descriptive studies |
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Definition
-suggest hypothesis, but do not test the hypothesis
cannot determine cause/effect relations |
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Term
| Quasi-experimental studies |
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Definition
| manipulation of a variable factor between two or more groups, and random assignment of participants to those groups |
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Term
| mirror recognition in dolphins |
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Definition
-if have a concept of self, then should be able to recognize self in mirror
-marked dolphin with ink and the dolphin spent more time looking at self
DV: length of mirror gazing
IV: presence of dot |
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Term
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Definition
-more controlled, but introduce artificiality so could be hard to generalize to environment
ex: isolation (deprivation) studies
-attempt to determine the role of environmental experience on behavior by depriving an preventing an animal from having certain experience |
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Term
| Isolation (deprivation) studies |
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Definition
| attempt to determine the role of environmental experience on behavior by depriving an preventing an animal from having certain experience |
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Term
| Isolation/deprivation studies are used to...... |
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Definition
| determine if behavior is innate/learned |
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Term
| Criteria to be considered innate |
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Definition
-part of species' characteristics
-Constant in form
-appears in animals that have been isolated from others
-develops fully-formed in animals that have been prevented from practicing it |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| If rats are prevented from licking their own genitalia... |
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Definition
| eat large % of young, don't retreat young to nest |
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Term
| Stickleback raised in isolation |
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Definition
when shown a male, still attacked
-proved attack male behavior is innate
problems: isolation may cause fear, control for reflection |
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Term
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Definition
| Animal studied in field (to take advantage of behavior in its natural environment), but manipulations are made to test hypothesis |
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Term
| Field experimentation: advantage |
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Definition
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Term
| Field Experiment: disadvantage |
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Definition
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Term
| Ideal free distribution (IFD) |
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Definition
predict how animals distribute themselves amongst resources
ex: mallards - food distributors stand 20m apart onto lake; each person can vary the number of pieces thrown or the weight of pieces.
----distributed selves equally |
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Term
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Definition
6 sticklebacks, 2 feeders on opposite ends
-sticklebacks do not move from sides because moving means less food for them
-equillibrium is reached when the intake rate of individual both patches is the same |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-horse that shook head up and down or sideways to respond to a question
-could also spell out words using his hoof
-could do this whether his owner was present or not |
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Term
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Definition
-challenged clever hans' intelligence
theory: horses do not think like humans and can't understand human language
hypothesis: if hans is blindfolded or if someone present does not know the correct answer, he cannot answer correctly |
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Term
| Under what circumstances would a researcher use a blind to study animal behavior? |
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Definition
| for observing animals closely without effecting results by being seen |
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Term
| What methods have been devised to observe animals that are difficult to find a follow? (3) |
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Definition
1. attach radio transmitter to animal
2. follow animal via boat, truck, etc
3. follow animal by signs it leaves (Feces, eggshells, remains, food, etc) |
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Term
| Observational methods do not end simply with observing. What other activities are involved? |
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Definition
generate hypothesis
test hypothesis to determine functions an mechanisms of behav
create theory |
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Term
| Describe the elements that comprise the experimental method and the advantages such an approach provide. |
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Definition
IV (manipulated variable)
DV (dependent variable)
advantages: can control for outside variables, keep things constant, manipulate |
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Term
| What factors determine the different life style of ungulate species inhabiting the African plains? |
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Definition
-size
-diet
-habitat
-lifestyles |
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Term
| What is the main function of using the comparative method when studying different species of animal? |
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Definition
-see how animals are different than their ancestors
-see how animals adapted to environmental changes |
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Term
| How did Tinbergen avoid storytelling in his research on black-headed gulls? |
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Definition
used multiple studies to assure that his hypothesis was correct and that he was not storytelling
compared to other species |
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Term
| Explain the differences between a bird’s song, a subsong and a call |
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Definition
Song: complex series of sounds whose pattern is unique to species
call: simple vocalizations
subsong: highly variable set of sounds (learned) |
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Term
| Describe how Marler used the method of isolation to study the origns of birdsong in male sparrows. |
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Definition
if young bird is deprived of opportunity to hear any song, it will develop its own
it will later on only copy songs that differ slightly from its normal song |
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Term
| How does research on birdsong in white-crowned sparrow illustrate the difference between a crucial and a sensitive period? |
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Definition
critical: period of greatest sensitivity
crucial: |
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Term
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Definition
-compares behavior within or among different but related species
-explores how natural selection has changed animals |
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Term
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Definition
small ungulates live in fores areas to hide
large lives in open lands
---comparative method |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-primitive man tames wolf pup and raises as a domestic animal
origin of dog |
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Term
| how was domestic dog created? |
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Definition
natural selection
humans create habitats that favor "Tamer" wolves; tamer wolves gain a selective advantage over wilder ones |
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Term
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Definition
| -taking ata an creating mathematical model for cost-benefit analysis |
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Term
| difference between between subject and within subject design |
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Definition
Between-groups: different groups are assigned to the different conditions in the experiment. examine any observed differences between the groups
Within-Subject: same individuals participate in all of the experimental conditions – that is, repeated measures are taken from the same people, hence differences are examined within the subjects. |
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