Term
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Definition
| Insufficient Iron Production |
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Term
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Definition
Hereditary (Sex-Linked)
Acquired (Idiopathic) |
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Term
| Anemia of Chronic Disease |
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Definition
| Increase in cytokine production |
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Term
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Definition
Too much iron
Hereditary (HFE Gene)
Acquired:
2. Secondary
a. Causes:
i. Anemia with ineffective erythropoiesis
ii. Chronic Liver Disease
iii. Transfusions and Iron injections
1. Get too much iron injected
iv. Alcoholism |
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Term
| Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria |
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Definition
RBC’s fluoresce under a UV light
Patients urine is pink-brown in color because of increased porphyrin
Patients are very photosensitive
-Must avoid sun exposure |
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Term
| Erythropoietic Protoporphyria |
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Definition
Do not see porphyrins in urine
RBC’s fluoresce under a UV light
Patients are very photosensitive
-Must avoid sun exposure |
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Term
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Definition
Macro-ovalocytes
Howell-Jolly Bodies
Hypersegmented Neutrophils
Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Asynchrony |
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Term
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Definition
Can be malabsorbed
Sprew, Celiac Disease
Insufficient absorption
Drugs can inhibit it
-Contraception Pills, Anticoagulation Therapy, Phenobarbital (Anti-seizure medicine) |
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Term
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Definition
Pernicious Anemia (PA)
-Most common cause
-The body is not producing enough intrinsic factor or ineffective intrinsic factor
-Tested for by the Shilling Test, MMA, and Homocistene
-Caused by gastric atrophy
-Increases the pH of the stomach
Can also be malabsorbed
-Gastrecnomy, Crohn’s Disease, Sprew, Celiac Disease, Severe Pancreatic Infections, Transcobalamin Deficiency, Nitrous Oxide Deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| Alcoholism, Liver Disease, Aplastic Anemia, Artifacts, Stimulated Erythropoiesis, Hypothyroidism |
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Term
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Definition
Results from RBC’s being prematurely destroyed
Can be due to Intrinsic Defects or Extrinsic Defects |
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Term
|
Definition
Causes a decrease in Spectrin
Varying severity
Autosomal Dominate |
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Term
| Hereditary Elliptocytosis |
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Definition
Caused by a defect in a skeletal protein
Found in all races
Autosomal Dominate |
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Term
| Hereditary Pyropoikilocytosis |
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Definition
Autosomal Recessive
Elliptocytes and other bizarre shapes
Causes a deficiency in a-spectrin |
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Term
| Hereditary Stomatocytosis |
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Definition
Causes an abnormal permeability to sodium and potassium
The sodium-potassium pumps are not working right |
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Term
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Definition
Acquired in patients with severe hepatic cellular disease
Extra cholesterol on the RBC membrane |
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Term
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Definition
Autosomal Recessive
Causes a decrease in B-lipoproteins due to a defect in the synthesis of apoprotein B |
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Term
| Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyl Transferase Deficiency |
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Definition
| Causes a defect in the metabolism of high density lipoprotein |
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Term
| Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinurea |
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Definition
Acquired Stem-Cell Disorder
Hyperhemolysis, Venous Thrombosis, Infection, and Bone Marrow Hyperplasia |
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Term
| Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency |
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Definition
Causes a decrease in ATP production
RBC cannot maintain the Caution Post
-Normally keeps sodium and potassium levels where they should be |
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Term
| Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD)Deficiency |
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Definition
When exposed to oxidizing drugs, hemoglobin becomes oxidized to form heinz bodies
-They are removed by macrophages in the spleen
Results in hemolysis of the RBC |
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Term
|
Definition
IgG binds to an RBC antigen with its FAB portion
-Leaves its FC portion exposed
-Macrophages bind to the FC portion
-Results in pitting
-RBC becomes a shistocyte (less common) or a spherocyte (more common) |
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Term
| Complement-Mediated Hemolysis |
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Definition
Controlled by 20+ serum proteins
-Usually inactive
-Cause lysis of the RBC when activated |
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Term
|
Definition
Bigger than IgG
-Cannot cross the placenta
Causes agglutination |
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Term
| Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia |
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Definition
Caused by a defect in the mechanism regulating immune behavior
-Body starts to recognize self as foreign
-Usually controlled by Suppressor T-Cells
-Can be affected by infections, neoplasms, and/or drugs
Caused by IgG antibodies
-With Anti-E |
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Term
| Cold Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia |
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Definition
Caused by IgM antibodies
-With Anti-I
Usually secondary to an infection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Triggered by cold weather
-20-30 degrees Celsius
-Takes effect first in the extremities
-Hands turn reddish-blue
-Renalt Syndrome |
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Term
| Paroxysmal Cold Hemolytic Anemia |
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Definition
Caused by an IgG antibody
Donath-Landsteiner Antibody
Biphasic Reaction
-Needs two different temperatures to react
Caused by the P antigen |
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Term
| Mixed-Type Hemolytic Anemia |
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Definition
Caused by:
-A warm-reacting IgG (Extravascular) or a cold-reacting IgM (Intravascular)
Also caused by idiopathic causes |
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Term
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Definition
eg: Penicillin
Drug binds to the RBC
-Antibody binds to the drug
-Macrophages bind to the FC portion
-Results in pitting |
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Term
|
Definition
eg: Quinidine, Cephalosporin
The drug and antibody react to form an immune complex that is absorbed through the RBC membrane
-Activates the Complement Cascade |
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Term
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Definition
eg: Aldomet
The drug adheres to the RBC membrane and alters its structure
-Results in a different antigen that the body produces antibodies against |
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Term
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Definition
eg: 1st-Generation Cephalosporins
The drug modifies the membrane
Results in non-immune absorption of IgG, IgA, IgM, and See-Through
No hemolysis |
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Term
| Immediate Response Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction |
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Definition
<24 hours
ABO Incompatibility
Intravascular Hemolysis
Symptoms: Fever, Chills, Back Pain |
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Term
| Delayed Response Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction |
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Definition
2-14 weeks
Caused by the KIDD antibody
Extravascular Hemolysis |
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Term
| Hemolytic Anemia of the Newborn |
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Definition
aka Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn, or Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Caused when the mother’s antibodies cross the placenta and react with the baby’s antigens |
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Term
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Definition
Mother is Rh-, Baby is Rh+
First baby is fine
-Mother builds up Rh antibodies
-Subsequent babies are not fine |
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Term
| Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia |
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Definition
Intravascular Hemolysis
The vessel walls are damaged and fibrin strands form
The RBC’s are hemolyzed to form shistocytes and karyocytes
Can be caused by 1 of 8 things |
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Term
| Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome |
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Definition
Occurs after a gastroenteritis (eg: Shigella, E. coli) or in Thrombocytopenia
Cause:
-Acute Renal Failure
Triggered when a toxin is released from a bacteria that damages the colon
Allows the toxin to enter the blood-stream to damage the kidney |
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Term
| Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) |
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Definition
The platelets agglutinate on the vessel wall to form Microthombi and Vonwillibran’s Factor
Found in young adults (20-50)
-Mostly women
Triggered by pregnancy or infections |
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Term
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) |
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Definition
Normal coagulation is altered by Thrombotic Occlusion of the vessels
-Fibrin strands form where they shouldn’t form |
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Term
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Definition
Hemolysis Elevated Liver enzymes and Low Platelets
Happens in pregnant women
The capillary endothelium is damaged |
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Term
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Definition
Fibrin is formed and causes hemolysis
Don’t know how it’s formed |
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Term
| Traumatic Cardiac Hemolytic Anemia |
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Definition
aka Warring Blender Syndrome
Artificial heart valves break off pieces of the real heart valves
-Causes excessive acceleration around the valve |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs 24-36 hours after a burn
Severity depends on how much of the body is burned
Will see RBC Budding
-Direct effect of the heat on the RBC’s |
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Term
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Definition
Transient Hemoglobinurea
Occurs after strenuous exercise involving contact with hard, metal surfaces
The RBC’s are damaged as they pass through the capillaries in the feet |
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Term
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Definition
Malarial-type Intracellular Parasite
High amount causes hemolysis |
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Term
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Definition
Protozoan infection
Causes hemolysis that can result in renal failure
Asymptomatic |
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Term
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Definition
A cocoasealius
Can cause severe fever and hemolysis
Comes from sand flies |
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Term
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Definition
Releases potent hemolysins
-Cause hemolysis
Hydrolyze sphingomyelins and lectin in the RBC membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| aka Massive Acute Intravascular Hemolysis |
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Term
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Definition
Cleave the glycophorins in the RBC membrane
-Result is sensitive to complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis |
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Term
|
Definition
Work in varying ways
eg: Lead Poisoning |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by structural hemoglobin variants
-An amino acid is substituted with another amino acid
-Changes the hemoglobin structure |
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Term
| Hemoglobinopathies that alter solubility |
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Definition
Hemoglobin S, Hemoglobin C
Hemoglobin is dehydrogenated, becomes rigid |
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Term
| Hemoglobinopathies that alter function |
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Definition
Hemoglobin M, Hemoglobin Chesapeake
Lower oxygen affinity |
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Term
| Hemoglobinopathies that alter stability |
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Definition
Congenital Heinz Body Hemolytic Anemia
Hemoglobin becomes unstable
-Forms Heinz Bodies |
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Term
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Definition
Causes the RBC’s to sickle in low oxygen situations
Causes a lot of pain
Can cause a splenectomy
Can return to a normal shape with more oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
Results in decreased solubility and increased osmotic fragility for the RBC
Will see Hemoglobin C Crystals, Codocytes, and Folded Cells on the blood smear
Found most commonly in African descents
Caused by a substitution of lysine for glutamine |
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Term
|
Definition
1 gene of Hemoglobin S, 1 gene of Hemoglobin C
Will see both sickle cells, hemoglobin C crystals, codocytes, folded cells, bloated cells, and billiard-ball cells on the blood smear |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by a substitution of lysine for glutamine
Results in decreased oxygen affinity |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by a substitution of tyrosine for histamine
Alters oxygen affinity
Has no oxygen affinity
-Cannot take oxygen from the tissues
-Too much oxygen is not a good thing
Iron is in the Ferric State (Fe3+)
Heinz bodies |
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Term
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Definition
Asymptomatic
Migrates to the same place as Hemoglobin S |
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Term
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Definition
Congenital Disorder of the Globin Genes
Quantitative Disorder
Limits the amount of globin chains formed
-Results in less hemoglobin being formed
Also results in anemia |
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Term
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Definition
Decrease/absence of a-globin chains
Excess of B-chains |
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Term
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Definition
Decrease/absence of B-globin chains
Excess of a-chains
One of the most common genetic disorders |
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Term
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Definition
Babies are either stillborn or die within hours of birth
The oxygen affinity of hemoglobin is so high that oxygen is not released to the tissues
Does not show up until the 3rd trimester |
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Term
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Definition
The B-chains precipitate
-Causes hemolytic anemia |
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Term
| Thalassemia Minor/Thalassemia Trait |
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Definition
2 a gene’s
-aa// or a/a/
Mild anemia
A few microcytes
Codocytes |
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Term
| Silent Carrier of a-Thalassemia |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
aka Cooley’s League
Most severe symptoms
Decrease in Hemoglobin A
Increase in Hemoglobin A2 and Hemoglobin F
In children, you see bone changes, gallstones, gout, Icterus (Jaundice – increased bilirubin), extramedullary hematopoiesis, and cardiac failure |
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Term
|
Definition
Less symptoms
Mild microcytosis
Codocytes and Elliptocytes
No treatment required
Hemoglobin A2 is increased |
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Term
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Definition
Symptoms are between the major and minor types
Moderate microcytic anemia
No treatment required |
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Term
|
Definition
Rare
The production of both the delta and beta chains are affected |
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Term
| Gamma-Delta-Beta Thalassemia |
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Definition
Rare
The production of the gamma, delta, and beta chains are affected |
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Term
| Hemoglobin Constant Spring |
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Definition
Caused by the inactivation or deletion of the beta and delta genes
Results in Hemoglobin F only
No Hemoglobin A2 in produced |
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Term
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Definition
| The non-alpha chain and the delta chain is attached to the beta chain |
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Term
|
Definition
A combination of disorders
eg: Sickle-Cell Anemia and Thalassemia at the same time |
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