Term
| Method for making a retic slide: |
|
Definition
-1 drop ea: blood, new methylene blue
-mix, incubate 10-15min
-smear & count retics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absolute decrease in PCV, Hb concentration, and/or RBC count |
|
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Term
| Anemia is not a ____, it is a ____. |
|
Definition
| not a diagnosis, it's a clinical sign of something else |
|
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Term
| Evaluating a blood smear for anemia requires that you observe or measure: |
|
Definition
-MCV
-MCHC
-Bone marrow response (regen/degen)
-Pathophysiologic mechanisms (blood loss/destruction/lack of creation) |
|
|
Term
| Causes of blood loss or hemorrhage: |
|
Definition
-trauma
-toxicosis
-parasitism
-neoplasia |
|
|
Term
| Plant that causes hemorrhage: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normocytic, macrocytic, microcytic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normochromic, hypochromic |
|
|
Term
| Causes of intravascular/extravascular hemolysis: |
|
Definition
| -spherocytosis, autoagglutination, positive Coomb's test |
|
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Term
| Causes of reduced/defective erythropoiesis: |
|
Definition
-bone marrow damage
-neoplasia
-chronic renal Dz
-infection (Ehrlichia, FeLV, FePanleuk, Parvo) |
|
|
Term
| Infections that cause reduced or defective erythropoiesis: |
|
Definition
-Ehrlichia
-FeLV
-Feline panleukopenia
-Parvo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Microscopy:
-polychromasia
-reticulocytosis
-anisocytosis
-nRBCs
-Howell-Jolly bodies
Automated:
-macrocytosis (^MCV, ^MCHC) |
|
|
Term
| Notes on polychromatophils from PP: |
|
Definition
-larger than mature RBCs
-bluer in color (basophilic)
-higher amount RNA released from bone w/lower amount hemoglobin
-# same as # reticulocytes |
|
|
Term
| Describe the method for counting reticulocytes (assume slide is already made): |
|
Definition
-divide view into 4 quadrants
-count all RBCs in each quadrant
-count all retics in each quadrant (just aggregate, not punctate)
-repeat for 10 total views
-find % retics from # RBCs counted |
|
|
Term
| Types of reticulocytes seen in cats: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Punctate retics are more or less mature than aggregate retics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal does not release reticulocytes from the bone marrow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the absolute retic count take the RBC cell count into account? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What numbers of retics indicate regenerative anemia in dogs? Cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the erythrocyte stains dark blue in a reticulocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reticulocyte Production Index- based on maturation time; describes how fast the patient is producing reticulocytes; used a lot in humans and dogs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| punctate aggregates of RNA |
|
|
Term
| Basophilic stippling indicates ___ in bovids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What indicates lead toxicity in dogs/cats? |
|
Definition
| >10 nRBCs and >100 basophilic stippling of RBCs |
|
|
Term
| What stain do you use to see basophilic stippling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "inappropriate metarubricytosis" |
|
Definition
| hallmark of lead poisoning in dogs/cats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. relative - dehydration
2. absolute
---primary: polycythemia vera - myeloproliferative disorder
---secondary: compensatory (heart Dz, pneumonia) OR inappropriate response (renal Dz / tumor) |
|
|
Term
| Polycythemia as a compensatory response can be caused by what? |
|
Definition
-heart Dz
-pneumonia
-high elevation |
|
|
Term
| Polycythemia as an inappropriate response can be caused by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-nuclear remnants normally removed by spleen
-low #s normal for cats/horses
-regenerative anemia
-splenectomy patients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-most common in cats
-toxicity: onions, acetaminophen, propylene glycol
-Dz: Diabetes mellitis, hyperthyroidism |
|
|
Term
| Normal % of Heinz bodies in a cat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heinz bodies indicate ____ damage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What dye can you use to better visualize Heinz bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pyknotic, inactive remains of one X chromosome
-normal to see low #s in neutrophils in females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-elongated, flagellated protozoans
-extracellular
-cattle, sheep, wild birds, reptiles, fish
-pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains |
|
|
Term
| Diseases caused by Trypanosoma spp? |
|
Definition
-African sleeping sickness
-Chagas Dz (T. cruzi) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-WBC inclusion
-in Anaplasma family = rickettsial
-tick transmission (Rhipicephalus)
-neutrophils in acute stage of infection, then monos
-dogs, horses, llamas |
|
|
Term
| Most common Ehrlichia spp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-RBC or WBC inclusion
-viral
-staining varies widely |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-FKA Hemobartonella
-fresh blood, no anticoag
-bacteria
-arthropods, cat bites, in utero
-M. canis rare - immunosuppressed or splenectomized dogs
-M. felis common - Feline Infectious Anemia |
|
|
Term
| What RBC inclusion is best seen on blood smears made with fresh blood, without anti-coagulant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What dogs are susceptible to Mycoplasma canis? |
|
Definition
| immunosuppressed or splenectomized dogs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-RBC hemoprotozoan
-tick transmission
-"piroplasmosis" in horses
-"cattle tick fever"
-canine babesiosis common in US in greyhounds, pits/staffies |
|
|
Term
| What dogs are susceptible to Babesia? |
|
Definition
-greyhounds (spread in racetracks)
-pits/staffies (spread by dog fighting) |
|
|
Term
| What RBC protozoan resembles a "cignet ring"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-RBC protozoan
-usually fatal thrombosis
-cignet ring shaped piroplasms
-tick transmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-most prevalent tick-borne Dz of cattle globaly
-RBC inclusion
-fatal hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Term
| What organism is the most prevalent tick-borne Dz of cattle worldwide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organism causes fatal hemolytic anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-WBC inclusion
-protozoan; gamonts in neutros/mono
-H. americanum is severe, in US
-H. canis is mild, global
-in any wild carnivore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stage of life of a protozoan hemoparasite; appears as a large, oblong structure inside of blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-WBC protozoan, gamont
-distorts cell
-wild birds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-RBC protozoan, gamonts
-most common wild bird hemoparasite
-pigeons/doves
-RBC nucleus not displaced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common wild bird hemoparasite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Doves and pigeons are commonly infected with ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-RBC protozoan, gamont
-reptiles
-non-refractile
-usually non-pathogenic
-aberrant hosts = inflammatory stage
-dominant blood parasite of snakes |
|
|
Term
| What is the dominant blood parasite of snakes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-RBC protozoan, gamont
-often displaces nucleus
-refractile granules
-birds and reptiles
-humans: malaria
-mosquito vector
-anemia |
|
|
Term
| Gamont that distorts the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gamont that does not displace the nucleus: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gamont that displaces the nucleus: |
|
Definition
| Plasmodium (often displaces nucleus) |
|
|
Term
| Birds/reptile hemoparasite with a mosquito vector? |
|
Definition
|
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