negotiated by Hasdrubal and the Romans. States that the Carthaginians cannot expand North of the Ebro River in Iberia.  leads to 2nd Punic war with Hannibal when Rome claims that Saguntum is under its protection and that of the Ebro Treaty.

2nd Punic War, Hannibal defeated army of 80 000 romans after Fabius Maximus succesful strategy war with hanibal.1/2 roman army died. Rome was only saved because Hannibal couldnt do the final siege of rome b/c no siege weapons and no public support.

Cato the elder famous words "Carthago delenda est’ Carthage must be destroyed.

Numidia fights with Carthge, Rome sides with Numidia.

Carthage destroyed in 3 years. Unnecesary, showed how 1 person had great influence over Senate.

Roman ranking of offices during the Republic

all offices for 1 year to avoid corruption

Quastor(25yrs)-10-20

Aedile(36yrs)-4

Praetor-8

Consul-2

Censors-elected every 5 yrs, past Consuls

Dictator

Interex office for 5 days during consul election

10-20 of them

must be 25 years old

maintenance of state archives, oversaw finances

4 or them

must be 36 years and have been Quaestor

oversaw fiscal(revenue)city matter (imperium-command) gave games, ran city market.

Roman republic-8 of them

be 36 years have at least been Quaestor

recieved Imperium(command) served in Judicial, military and political roles

2 or them, at least 42 yrs

Highest office in Republic

chief military and political role.

Anyone who had Imperium had Lictors(bodyguards) axe with stick bundle.

elected every 5 years from ex-Consuls

Responsible for census, assigning people to classes, collecting taxes, public works, reviewing morals and senators.

when power of Consul was suspended during crisis, One man held absolute power.

6 month  term

bodyguards axe with stick bundle assigned to anyone who had Imperium during republic. the only armed people in Rome

held office between Consuls for 5 days to organise election.

during roman republic, oldest assembly

30 voting units became obsolete(useless-too old)

Caesar, Crassus, pompey

59-53 three men driven together by hatred of Cato’s Senate

not a legal triumvirate. Called “beast with three heads” by Varro

sig used their powers to bypass senate

Gladiator revolt led by thracian

started with 20 men grew large, pillaged country

Spartacus was only intrested in leaving to Spain

Crushed by Crassus with 6 legions and were hung along Appian way.

Led to Pompey and Crassus becoming enemies b/c Pompey got all the credit.

grandson of Cato the Elder, Roman senator during the republic.

Hated by first triumvirate, stoped their Land reform bill and assisinated catiline consiratoros against Caesars will.

His Arrest by caesar led to triumvirate by passing senate.

Head by Caesar when he assigned himself comand throug triumvirate

 moved Roman civilization into Northern Europe

Was When Caesar wrote "de bello Gallico" his 1st hand account of those events.

Ceasar sieged and destroyes allesia when gauls rebelled against him.

boarder of Gaul and Italy .

During the breakup of the 1st triumvirate

Caesar crossed it from gaul and took Itally in 60 days. he didnt loot rome,

During the breakup of 1st triumvirate

Caesar defeted Pompeys men because the Senate supported pompey.

Led to Pompey retreating to Asia minor and eventually being killed by Ptolemy's men in order to please Caesar

marked Pompeys end.

Prince of Egypt, Cleopatras brother

Had Pompey killed in Order to please Caesar. ceasar killed the assasins and sided with Cleopatra.

nephew and adopted son of julius Caesar

Removed assemblies, and gave senate more power. marked end of republic and start of empire.

moved military to periphery of rome to protect boarders and started the Pax Romana which was a period of no infighting in rome.

Defeated Marc Anthon adn Cleopatra and annexed egypt.

Part of Second triumvirate at the end of the republic

forced the Liberators(caesars assasins) out of Rome

fought against Octavian and was allied with Cleopatra. Lost at the battle of Actium and thats when Augustus gained absolute power. Last threat to Octavian.

Commited suicide with cleopatra

Lepidus, Marc Antony, Octavian( augustus)

Octavian was the triumphor.

Battle between Marc Anthony brother and Marc Anthonys wife against Octavian.

Octavian was Victorius

happened during the fall of the republic.

Caesars son with Cleopatra

was murdered after the Battle of Actium and was no longer a threat to Octavians power

ended 29 bc after Marc anthony and Cleopatra commited suicide.

Octavian vs Marc Anthony

Caesarion was murdered after the battle.

Marked the Start of the Roman empire and Augustus rule

funerary incription giving 1st person account of Augustuses accomplishments

listed all his contributions, victories, building projects.

During the 2nd Punic War was Carthgian general, part of Barca family.

Attacked Italy from North was very succesful. Fabius Maximus and Scipio were the only effective roman generals against him. Destroyed 80k roman army at battle of Cannae.

Finally defeated at battle of Zama(scipio) his defeat marked the End of Carthage influence outside of Africa.

Corvus Raven Roman clawships

built during 1st Punic war, but 77% were destroyed when they were sent to Carthage. Carthage demobilized and focused on Land warfare and the Corvuses won the battle the next time the two fleets clashed. Ended the 1st punic War

Mamertines

 seized Messana.

They asked Carthage for help against Syracuse then asked Rome to get rid of Carthage. 264 Rome was under siege in Messana from Syracuse and Carthage.

sig. Led to 1st Punic War when Rome vs Carthage over Sicily

Roman general from patrician family, benefitted financially from Sullas Proscriptions.was part of the 1st triumvirate.

hung 600 Spartacus revolters, pompey got credit.

Led to the decline of the Republic when he turned his army on Rome in order to get a Counsulship.

major roman general born 106, died at hands of ptolemy

led succesion of roman armies to victory even though he had never held office in Cursus honorum.

part of 1st triumvirate with Crassus and Caesar

Led to decline of republic by turning army on rome to get Consulship and command in Spain.

Sullas Order to kill all of his opposition

Issued when Sulla returned to Rome after fighting in turkey to remove Marius and Cinna from power. Signifies the fall of republic, roman generals passing laws without senate.

after the roman social war

Order by Mithridates VI(king of Turkey) to kill all Romans and Italians in lands that he ruled.

led to Sulla going to war with him and destabilized Rome because Sulla and Marius were struggling for power.

older traditional men preserving the status quo tried to rise through senate ranks instead of mob

after the Graccus brothers started bypassing Senate to pass laws.

new method of political behavior, using mob, tribunes and disregarding senate. looked for popularity within the citizen body.

Senatorial Decree(marshal law)

called against gaius Gracchus and 300 followers and Caesar when senate sided with Pompey and named him sole consul(52bc)

only tribal assembly that included people inside of rome( patricians)

part of the 35 tribes in Concilum plebes

Council of the Plebs

   included the  Tribal assembly-35 diff tribes,

    no patricians

    *Tribunes convened the council, had the right to veto

Militaristic-193 voting units. assigned by wealth favored wealthy.

    met outside of Rome

    18 equites-wealthiest men who had horses

    70 pedetics-Infantrymen

264-261bc

caused by the Mamertines attacking Messana

Carthage and Rome Fought for sicily

Rome captured Agrigentum and built Corvus Ravens- warships which eventually won them the war in final Naval Battle against carthage.

Led to Ebro river treaty and Hannibal wanting revenge in 2nd punic war

founded 814 by Phoenicians, called Punii by traders.

sea empire that controlled western mediteranean.

Oligarchic govt of 104- Economically oriented, profits were shared throughout entire empire.

Fought Rome during Punic Wars

3rd phase of Roman expansion over greeks in Southern Italy.

people in Tarrentum received his help fearing rome expansion 

279: Pyruss defeats Romans,but suffered great casualties-Pyrrhic Victory.

Phase 2 of roman expasion over the Central italy

343 1st Samnite War

    326 2nd Samnite War(great)-20 years. 304-Treaty signed

    3rd Samnite War-295 decisive battle of Sentinium

1st phase of Roman expansion of Latin people

very long,

Latium, lost its territory and became allied with rome

    341-338

7mile wall around Rome to prevent another Gaul attack

2 of them, Convened the council of the Plebs

had the right to veto. when bypassing Senate generals and politicians went to them

during Republic “Crux of the Struggle” Patricians controlled access to govt offices’

        Plebeians wanted govt positions, release from debt bondage and codified laws.

led to the creation of Assembly of the plebes (Tribunes and Aediles)

new way to bypass senate when laws integrating plebian parallel gov were passed.

less privileged, everyone who is not a patrician.

during the roman republic

Patrician or Pleb only mattered on the Social level, Wealth main distinguisher Political Level

older group of clans, defined by birth. Wealthier and more privileged than plebeians.

closed membership to Order in 5th century which led to struggle of the Orders.

Patrician or Pleb only mattered on the Social level, Wealth main distinguisher Political Level.

Advised Consuls, had veto power

originaly ex magistrates who held power and had wealth

had no official legislative powers

Could only issue Senatorial Decrees( Senatus Consultum)

assigned war

after Sabine kings

Black Stone

Earliest Inscription in Latin, 6th BCE

word Rex “king” appears on it

part of a shrine area

built by Tarquinius Priscus- 5th king of Rome

trifector Juno-Jupiter(superior)-Minerva.

1. Romulus-consolidates city, Becomes God upon death

2. Numa Pompilius-Pontifex Maximus-chief priest,

3. Tullus Hostilius- Aggressive, expands Romes Borders.

4. Ancus Marcius- Founds colonies, consolidates(strengthens)

*5. Tarquinius Priscus- built temple of Jupiter- trifector Juno-Jupiter(superior)-Minerva.

6. Servius Tullius- taken out of power  by Tarquinius Superbus.

7. Tarquinius Superbus- serves as tyrant, Regal period ends, the Republic begins.

Wrote the history of Rome

history as Literature

Positivism- scientific method, with critical analysis

New history- bottom up, includes blue collar-peasants, non-wealthy and slaves.

Post Modernism- literary critical approach interpretive subjective approach.

predesescors to Roman Civ.  

Based in North Italy, intrested in mining and metalworking. started chariot racing. Augury-telling future from animal entrails.