Term
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Definition
-unknown origins, possibly Turkey, Philistines, or Sicily
-wave of destruction in the eastern Mediterranean (1200-1150 BC) |
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Term
Ramesses III
(temple tomb at Medinet Habu) |
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Definition
-temple tomb at Medien Habu
-source that depicts Ramesses III battles with sea people |
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Term
Philistines
(Peleset, Goliath and David) |
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Definition
-Peleset: Egyptian name; in bible known as the Philistines
-gave the name Palestine
-distinctive pottery from Myc.
-Goliath and David (book of Samuel) |
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Term
Phoenicians
(phoenicians alphabet) |
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Definition
-descended from Canaanites
-purple dye= huge export
-1000 BC-->main Phoenician centers became independent city-states ruled by hereditary kings
-founded Carthage in Tunisia
-alphabet--> 22 signs (1 per sound) |
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Term
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Definition
-Mycenean Period (1600-1100 BC)
-Greek Dark Ages (1100-800 BC)
-colonization (from 750 BC)
-writing (725 BC)
-development of the polis (650 BC)
-iron working
-Dark ages: Homer |
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Term
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Definition
-metropolis
-oikistes- "founder"
-Apollo at Delphi- needed his approval to settle new areas
-motives: raw material (iron), trade, land hunger, political turmoil |
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Term
Greek alphabet
(Nestor's cup) |
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Definition
-725 BC
-1 phoneme per sound
-used in commerce and poetry
-adoption of Phoenician script
-Nestor's Cup:
725 BC, used for drinking wine in symposium, found in tomb of child, references Homer |
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Term
polis
(polites, magistrates, council, assembly, Law from Dreros, Crete) |
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Definition
-city-state (self-regulating with laws and disputes), urban centers and agricultural hinterlands)
-community of citizens (equality by law)
-Direct Government by the Demos (Council, assembly, magistates) |
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Term
Hoplite warfare
(Chigi Vase) |
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Definition
-750 BC
-individual infantry/masked (phalanx)
-rows deep of masked men
-massed infantry
-corporate identity (citizen soldier)
-corporate "glory"
-Chigi Vase (650 BC)
-produced in Corinth
-shows hoplite warfare, main weapon is the javelin |
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Term
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Definition
-"household"
-consisted of nuclear family, slaves, and property (real and moveable) |
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Term
| Medes and the Median Kingdom |
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Definition
-Medes and Persians (900 BC)- two most important groups in Iran, Medes>Persians
-Median Kingdom (725 BC)
-alliance with Babylon against Assyria (609 BC) |
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Term
Persians
(Achaemenes and the Achaemenid Dynasty) |
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Definition
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Term
Persian Empire
(Cyrus the Great, "king of kings", Darius 1, Persepolis, satrapies and satraps) |
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Definition
-Cyrus the Great (559-530 BC) lead revolts against Astyages of Media, defeats Croesus of Lydia, absorbs Babylon, and seen as a wise ruler (merciful as conqueror, didn't interfere with local customs, religions, or laws)
-Darius I- seen as "king of kings", held empire at its peak, code of laws, circulated coins called Darics)
-Persepolis was the ceremonial capital f Achaemenid empire, "city of Persians"
-satrapies and satraps: states and governors, ensured taxes were collected, kept eye on stability, didn't have military authority, Royal Road (Sardis to Susa- mail system), religious tolerance |
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Term
Persian religion
(Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism, Ahura Mazda vs. Ahriman, Faravahar) |
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Definition
-Zoroaster (1200 BC)- great teacher, Buddha like figure, still a living religion, Avesta was the sacred book, religion of Achaemenids
-Ahura Mazda (good) vs. Hariman (evil): cosmic conflict, judgement after death, sacred fire |
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Term
| Canaan and the Canaanites |
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Definition
-In Israel (1000-600 BC)
-Between Syria and Gaza, The Jordan River, and the Mediterranean
-Semites
-agricultural people: worshipped fertility gods Baal and Astarte (consort)
-oral tradition |
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Term
Israelites
(Abraham, Jacob, Moses) |
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Definition
-Abraham: son of Terah (at God's command) from Ur to Heran to Canaan
-Jacob: (aka Israel) son of Isaac, +12 sons of Jacob= 12 tribes of Israel (from Canaan to Israel)
-Moses: exodus out of Egypt (1250 BC) |
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Term
Israelite conquest of Canaan
(confederation of troops) |
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Definition
-11th century BC confederation of Israelite tribes (council of elders- individual tribes ruled by a council of elders)
-Yahweh: god of the Israelites, perhaps originally a local god of the Sinai peninsula |
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Term
Kingdom of Israel
(Saul, David- Tel Dan Inscription, Solomon) |
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Definition
-Neo-Assyrian Empire (934-609 BC)
-Kingdom of Judah: Nebuchadnezzar II (587 BC), Neo-Babylonian empire, Babylonian exile and diaspora
-Saul: first king of the united Israelites
-David: capital at Jerusalem, united Southern tribes, central monarchy, Yahweh state cult, 10 commandments
-Tal Dan inscription: 9th century BC writing on a stone stele that mentions the House of David
-Solomon: temple, David's son, army expanded, fortified, merchant fleet, empire splits in two after his death |
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Term
Israelite Religion
(covenants, Yahweh) |
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Definition
-oral tradition (monotheistic starting with Abraham, Yahweh, covenants with Abraham and Moses)
-history: polytheistic, Yahweh cult one of many, fertility gods and goddesses (Baal and Jezebel) |
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Term
Divided Kingdoms
Kingdom of Israel (Sargon II)
Kingdoms of Judah (Nebuchadnezzar II, Babylonian exile) |
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Definition
-divided 925 BC
-Kingdom of Israel: Neo-Assyrian Empire (934-609 BC), falls to the Assyrians in 722 BC under Sargon II
-Kingdoms of Judah: Jewish state, Nebuchadnezzar II 587 BC, exile and diaspora |
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Term
|
Definition
-covenants with Abraham and Moses
-King David: Jerusalem and cult of Yahweh
-King Solomon's temple
-divided kingdoms lead to the Hebrew bible taking shape
-Torah (five books of Moses)- Mosaic Law
-without a state, Israel defined as the community of all those who follow Mosaic Law |
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Term
| Dorian and "myth of conquest" |
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Definition
-Dorian "migration" (1000 BC)
-not a peaceful wandering down from the North
-rather a violent conquest by Doric speakers
-they were "returning" to their homes by following these families |
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Term
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Definition
-950 BC
-expanding nearby
-expansion is a state ran affair
-urban center |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| -full Spartan citizens, means "equals" |
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Term
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Definition
| -citizenship was highly regulated |
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Term
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Definition
| -"dwellers round" (partial citizen) |
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Term
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Definition
| -Polis as political community (Spartiatai + perioikoi) |
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Term
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Definition
| -subjugated people of Laconia and Messenia (serfs) |
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Term
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Definition
-two kings
-institutional authority (military leadership)
-non-institutional authority |
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Term
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Definition
-"council of elders"
-28 elders (60 yrs old +) |
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Term
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Definition
-advising in advance
-setting the agenda for the Spartan assembly |
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Term
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Definition
-five
-annually elected
-chief of public officials |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
-city vs. the household
-upbringing of boys (7-30): home for 6 years and kept healthy, then taken to be raised collectively
-first city state of Greece to have professional soldiers
-individual excellence
-member of group
-military training |
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Term
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Definition
| -basis of organization of infantry |
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Term
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Definition
-legendary lawgiver of Sparta
-equality, military fitness, and austerity (eunomia= good order) |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Ionic dialect
-1/4 major tribes in Greece |
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Term
|
Definition
-earth born
-rooted and belong to the land eternally |
|
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Term
| Theseus and the synoikism |
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Definition
-city-states
-dwelling together in the same house
-Theseus liberated Attica from Cretan |
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Term
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Definition
-7th century BC
-feuding aristocratic clans
-Cylon (632 BC)- attempt at tyranny |
|
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Term
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Definition
| -polis as political community |
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Term
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Definition
-attempt at tyranny
-oracle told him to seize Athens during a Zeus festival
-it was opposed |
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Term
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Definition
-620 BC
-unintentional homicide: it is up to the victim's relative to prosecute a killer, they receive a sentence of exile |
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Term
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Definition
-statesman, lawmaker, and poet
-abolished serfdom
-established wealth as qualification for political office
-established appeal to the people's court
-objectives: not equality based (eunomia, prevent tyranny) |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -Cleisthenes was the founder of Athenian democracy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-50 men from each of 10 groups
-probouleusis: setting agenda for political meetings |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-equal right to speak
-anyone can stand up in citizen assembly and speak
-can argue for or against/offer amendments |
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Term
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Definition
-dozens of elected officials, annual positions
-means ruler |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
Herodotus of Halicarnassus
(father of history) |
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Definition
|
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Term
Marathon, Attica
(Datis and Artaphernes, Militiades) |
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Definition
-490 BC
-Darius avenging the attack of Sardis
-Datis and Artaphernes: leader soy the Persian expedition against Athens
-Militiades: Athenian ruler who ordered the Athenians to attack instead of waiting for Sparta |
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Term
Persian Invasion of Greece (480-479 BC)
(Xerxes, son of Darius, Themistocles of Athens, Hellenic League, battle at Thermopylae Leonidas, battle at Salamis) |
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Definition
-Xerxes, son of Darius (486-485 BC)
-Themistocles of Athens: 200 Trirmes (ships)
-Thermopylae (land) and Artemisium (sea): burned sanctuaries, Salamis isthmus of Corinth |
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Term
Post-Persian War Ideology
(hybris, Aeschylus, Persians) |
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Definition
-west vs. east
-freedom vs. slavery
rule of law vs. despotism
-Aeschlyus, Persians |
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Term
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Definition
-Sparta would be the leader
-481 BC
-never actually disbanded
-used to unite various city-states to drive Persians outs |
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Term
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Definition
-purpose: revenge, drive Persians out of Europe, liberate Ionian Greeks
-organization: Athens at hegemon, members: Aegean coastal communities, fixed contributions of men, ships, money > tribute
-made Athens superpower, contributions turn into tribute
-east mediterranean organization |
|
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Term
| Delian League to Athenian Empire |
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Definition
-Naxos (471 BC): one of the first members, wanted out, Athens said no and de-armed them
-Eurymedon: navy fought a battle against Persians, greeks win, possible peace treaty signed
-Thasos: people wanted out, Athenians said no, appealed to Sparta but Sparta never came through
-treasury moved to Athens: seen as a big move to establish dominance
-standards decree: same weights, coins, and measures |
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Term
|
Definition
-460-446 BC
-Athens engaging allies of Sparta |
|
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Term
| Thirty-Years Peace (446 BC) |
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Definition
| -promise to submit disagreements to an arbitration process |
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Term
Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC)
(Spartan strategy, Athenian strategy, Pericles) |
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Definition
-Sparta declares that athens had broken the 30 years truce
-431: war begins
-Spartan strategy: invade Attica and burn crops
-Athenian strategy: Pericles- Athens as an island, fortify and fleet can supply city, defensive, preserve empire |
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Term
Thucydides
(causes of war) |
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Definition
| -growth of Athenian power and the fear which this caused in Sparta |
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Term
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Definition
-Cleon was the most violent and popular of the Athenian leaders
-"bring Sparta to its knees through success"
-120 Spartiatai taken prisoner by the Athenians |
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Term
Amphipolis (424 BC)
(Brasidas) |
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Definition
-Spartans are victorious
-important to Athenian interest (timber, grain, slaves)
-status quo ante: the situation before, brought everything back to pre-war status |
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Term
|
Definition
-signed by Sparta and Athens
-ended first half of the war |
|
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Term
Sicilian Disaster (415-413 BC)
(Alcibiades) |
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Definition
-crucial turning point in the ear upon Athen's defeat
-11,500 troops and 337 ships
-Alcibiades: desperate to get back to Athens, realized Persians are funding Sparta, they switch to oligarchy, re-write constitution |
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Term
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Definition
-Spartan garrison 413 BC
-thousands fled here
-weakened Athenian man power |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-404 BC
-empire, fleet, walls
-Sparta tears down walls and breaks up empire, but doesn't kill anyone in order to have allies in the future |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
Xenophon of Athens
(Hellenica (411-362 BC) |
|
Definition
-Socrates
-Sparta
-Hellenica: if no one accepts the peace, Xenophon will wage a war against them |
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Term
The Thirty Tyrants
(critias) |
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Definition
|
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Term
Trial of Socrates
(Plato, Apology, "gadfly to a horse" |
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Definition
-non-belief in the gods of the state
-corruption of the youth
-Plato, Apology
-"gadfly to a horse": compares himself to a gadfly latching onto a horse- the city is the horse, even though its large and well bred, may need a sting to get moving. |
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Term
| Spartan Hegemony (404-371 BC) |
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Definition
-relations with the Persian Empire
-Corinthian War 395-386 BC
-Aegean naval empire: won with Persian support
-Agesilaus II: "liberation of the Ionians" |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| Agesilaus II, King of Sparta |
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Definition
|
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Term
Corinthian War
(Peace of Antalcidas- 1st King's Peace) |
|
Definition
-395-387 BC
-Quadruple Alliance against Sparta: Athens. Thebes, Corinth, Argos
-Peace of Antalcidas/King's Peace 387 BC: Persian control over Asiatic Greeks, "autonomy", Thenes and the Boeotian League |
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Term
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Definition
| -Spartan occupation 382 BC |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sphodrias
(2nd Athenian Sea League) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-374-371 BC
-Sparta and Athens vs. Thebes |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-371-362 BC
-invasion of Laconia (370-369 BC): liberation of Messenia
-Spartan decline
battle at Mantinea (362 BC): Epaminondas vs. Athens, Sparta, et al.
-Social War (357-355 BC) |
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Term
Macedonia
(Upper Macedonia, Lower Macedonia) |
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Definition
-Lower Macedonia: east, monarchy (descendants of Heracles), agriculture
-Upper Macedonia: west, local dynasts, forests and minerals
-ethnicity? |
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Term
Philip II, son of Amyntas III
(Olympias of Epirus, Alexander III (Alexander the Great) |
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Definition
-360-336 BC
-Olympias of Epirus (358 BC)
-unification of Upper and Lower Macedonia
-subjugation of Greek coastal cities (357-354 BC)
-reforms: Macedonian phalanx- fighting formation of 256 men: first section has spears aimed straight ahead, middle up at an angle, and back almost straight up |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-338 BC
-Athens forms Greek coalition with a force of 40,000
-lead by Demosthenes who opposed Philip II |
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Term
|
Definition
-Common Peace
-expedition against Persia |
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Term
Sources for Alexander the Great
(Royal Journal, Plutarch, Life of Alexander) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Alexander (Early Years, 356-336 BC)
(Lysippus) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Alexander (Succession and Consolidation, 336-356) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Alexander (Conquest of Asia, 334-332 BC)
("new Achilles", Battle at Granicus 334 BC, Battle at Issos 333 BC, offer of Darius III) |
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Definition
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|
Term
Alexander (From Iossos to Egypt, 332-331 BC)
(Alexandria, oracle of Zeus Ammon) |
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Definition
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Term
Alexander (To the Indus River and Back, 330-324 BC)
(Roxane, revolt at the Hyphasis River 326 BC) |
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Definition
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|
Term
Alexander's Final Year (324-323 BC)
(marriage at Susa and cancellation of debts, mutiny at Opis on the Tigris River and feast of reconciliation) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Alexander's Administration |
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Definition
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