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| A ruler over a province who was titled so based upon his ability to lead and give good counsel, as well as having material possessions, such as a large supply of livestock. Was almost the equivalent of the Minoan's "waynax" (king), only he did not rule absolutely, people were not obligated to obey him, so he was pretty much the precursor to a democratic ruler. |
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| A family group, including immediate family, extended family, and servants (the household). |
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| Invented a writing systems based on 22 symbols that was adopted and modified by the Greeks, increasing literacy and allowing for philosophy, drama, and laws to be written down. It is still used today. |
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| The group of people who are distinctly Greek, in that they share the same customs, language, and religion. |
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| Games held between representatives of the Greek city states in honor of Zeus. Only Greeks could participate, and a truce between the city states was practiced during these events to ensure the safe travel of the athletes. |
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| The merging of smaller sites to form larger political entities that was either brought about peacefully or through violent conquest |
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| A middle class, early Greek poet, characterized by his marked hatred of nobles and aristocracy. Author of Theogony, about the gods and their origins, and Works and Days, a manual about how to be a good farmer based on his own life as a farmer |
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| A noble writer who hated oligarchies because of |
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| The rectangular formation hoplites get into when they're battling where the soldiers stand shoulder to shoulder with their shields held close together as well to block themselves and the group. |
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| A ruler of the best who had to be born noble to be in power |
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| A political system where leadership rests with a small group of people, the case being in Sparta, where there were two rulers. |
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| A government ruled by its citizens |
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| A political system with one, absolute ruler. |
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| An oligarchical society that was famous for having the best army and for their violent synocism. They ascribed to the Lycurgan military system, holding themselves to strict military practices to maintain control over their conquered peoples, the perioikoi and helots, as well as other outside forces. Their women were known for having a lot more freedom than women in other city-states. |
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| A spartan who invented a new military system where Spartan boys, at the age of 7, were taken from their families, put into grueling training camps, and did not become full citizens until they were 30. |
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| Spartans who, at the age of 30, were full citizens and could exercise political rights and live on their land with their wife, who before gaining this status, they were not allowed to live with. |
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| The people of Laconia who after being conquered by the Spartans are called this, meaning "dwellers around"/"people who live by us". They are treated as second-class, comp |
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| 2 wars wherein which the Spartans conquered the Messinians |
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| Messinians who, after being conquered by the Spartans, were treated similar to slaves, being tied to the land and never allowed to leave and could be killed by a Spartan without consequence to the Spartan. Part of the reason for the Spartan's strict military practice was because they were afraid of a helot rebellion - the helots far outnumbered the Spartans |
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| Council of Spartan elders comprised of the two Spartan kings, and 30 sixty+ year old citizens who served for life. They carried out orders of the assembly and day to day business of Sparta |
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| Group of elected Spartan officials who ran Spartan secret police, who monitored helot activity. Comprised of five 30+ year old citizens who served one year terms. |
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| Spartan secret police; first secret police ever |
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| A city state who was a monarchy during the archaic age but switched to an oligarchical democracy, being ruled by council leaders. |
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| A military leadership group comprised of one person who led the army, one who led politics, and 6 were the judges. Structured so that one person wouldn't have too much power. Life term service. Did was the areopagus told them to do. |
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| Council of Athens where a citizen served a one year term |
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| An Athenian who achieved the status of "Sole Achron", who with his absolute power, ended debt bondage and gave legal rights to everyone. He came from a wealthy family, but commoners though he was fair. |
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| Solon's successor who kept Solon's constitution in place, ruling over Athens as it grew in wealth and population, protecting the poor and the hoplites |
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| Peisistratus' successor was known for ruling well, but was forced to flee after rebellions started. |
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| Hippias' younger brother who was assasinated Tried to hit on Harmonius |
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| Lovers who, after getting angry after being hit on by Hipparchus, killed Hipparchus and committed suicide after. |
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| A noble who establishes new, democratic government, giving all males political power and excluding women, aliens, and slaves |
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| The largest and longest running empire, stretching from Egypt to India. Successful because it had good kings, huge army, elaborate road and messenger system, elaborate administration with 4 capitols, governors, and provinces. They used fear to control their subjects. Practiced the religion of zoroastrianism |
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| Was king before it was an empire and it was par of Media. He leads the rebellion against the Medes, conquering them and marrying a Median princess. He conquered Ldia, then Babylonia, then the Near East |
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| Were governors of the different provinces in Persia, collecting taxes, enforcing laws, and defending the province and helping with population control. Satrapies = word for provinces, of which there were nearly 2 dozen |
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| Comprising of enslaved/conquered people, were a force because of their size, which was nearly 200,000. They didn't fight hard because they were not Persian, had no armor, and lacked military technology |
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| Army consisting of people wealthy enough to afford their own equipment. Were actually Persian |
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| A Persian officer of the army, controling 1,000 soldiers in his unit |
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| Soldiers who were called this because every time one of them died, they were immediately replaced. |
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| King for 8 years, son of Cyrus, conquered the Egyptians |
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| Ruler of the Persian Empire who conquered all the way to the Danube but was defeated by Alexander the Great. No one liked him, fear was his only tool for control. Died right before 2nd attack on Greece |
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| Religion of Persia marked by a paradise cs abyss model. Their god was called Ahuramazda. |
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| 540 BC, Ionians were conquered by the Persian, and in 499, they try to revolt. Athens is the only polis who helps them. |
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| Darius attacks Athens in 490 BC as punishment for helping the Ionians during their revolt. They tell the Athenians to surrender but the Athenians vote to fight and won, mostly because the Athenians were Athenians fighting for themselves, while the Persian soldiers were enslaved people being forced to fight and had no armor. |
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| Discovered a huge deposit of silver and used the money to build 200 triremes |
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| King of Persia in the late 400 BC who lost at Thermopylae |
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| Created in Greece in 480 BC, it comprised of Greek polises who joined together to protect Greece from the Persisn |
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| A small pass bordered by water and mountains where a famous battle between the Persian army vs Greek hoplites and 300 elite Spartans, including King Leonidas. Though the Persian army, without armor and as much skill, are losing at first, they are made aware of a way around the pass by a Greek traitor, Ephialtes, causing the Greek hoplites to flee, but the 300 Spartans stay and fight, dying in the process, including Leonidas. |
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| An island that the Greek navy hid at after the battle of Marathon, knowing that if they fought there, their triremes would prevail. Greeks destroy the Persians though the Persian had outnumbered them, sending Xerxes and his navy fleeing whilst leaving thousands of his men behind. |
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| The last battle between the Persians and Greeks, taking place in 479 BC. Though the Greeks were again outnumbered, they won for the same usual reasons, sending the Persians fleeing never to return again and ending the Persian War. Started Peloponnesian War |
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| Greek ships rowed by free men, not slaves, that were characterized by being wooden and having a metal front shaped like a beak with which they would ram into the sides of opposing ships during battle to try to sink them. |
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