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| The kingdom of Red Land is established in the north, White Land in the south; they are ruled concurrently under two kings. |
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| Scorpion, a southern king, makes preliminary attempts to conquer the northern kingdom. |
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| Menes subdues the north and unifies the two lands. |
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| Menes founds the unified kingdom of Egypt with capital at White Walls (Memphis). Beginning of the historical period. |
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| Den pursues an active foreign policy, sending an expedition to Nubia. Innovations are introduced in design of royal burial monument at Abydos. Double Crown appears, symbolizing unity of the two pre-dynastic kingdoms. |
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| King Peribsen and supporters of the god Seth lose struggle with supporters of the cult of Horus; Horus becomes royal patron deity. |
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| King Djoser requests royal architect Imhotep to design world's first major stone building- the Step Pyramid at Saqqara. |
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| Under Huni, construction is possibly started on the transitional Meidum pyramid. |
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| Sneferu. Two pyramids are built at Dashur, including the Bent, or Blunted, Pyramid; the Meidum pyramid is possibly also built. |
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| Cheops. Great Pyramid at Giza is built; it is the largest pyramid ever constructed. |
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| Chephren. Second pyramid as well as the Great Sphinx are built at Giza. |
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| Mycerinus. Third pyramid at Giza is constructed. |
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| Shepseskaf. In break with pyramid-building tradition, the mastaba tomb is revived with the building of if the Mastabat Fara'un. |
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| Userkaf. The sun cult is promoted. A sun temple is built at Abu Ghurob as well as a small pyramid at Saqqara. |
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| Sahure. The royal cemetary at Abusir inaugurated; Sahure and his successors build pyramids here, including one with particularly fine wall reliefs. |
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| Delta (Lower Egypt). Pe (Buto) was capital. Cobra Goddess: Edjo. |
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| Southern (Upper) Egypt. Capital: Nekhen (Hieraconpolis). Vulture goddess: Nekhbet. |
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