Kritian Kouros of a victorious athlete or Theseus, Athenian Acropolis, Severe Classical Style, (480-330 BCE)

• no trace of archaic smile
• by sculptor Kritias
• found in Athena's sanctuary
• headband not right for athletes
• could be someone of higher status (Theseus, associated with Athens

Bronze Charioteer from Delphi, Severe Classical Style (480-330 BCE)

• hollow casting techniques
• commemorates a victory by a driver in the Pythian Games
• onyx eyes and copper eyelashes
• columnar fluting on his dress
• feet - toes, toenails, swelled veins
• cast in 7 parts: lower body, feet, neck, head, shoulders, arms
• details on backs of hands

Myron's Discus Thrower (Discobolus), Severe Classical Style (480-330 BCE)

• Roman copy of original bronze
• caught at the breathless moment, before his body unwinds to throw

Riace Bronze Warrior, Severe Classical Style, Monument of Eponymous Heroes, Agora, Athens (480-330 BCE)

• found in sea bed off coast of Riace, Italy
• idealized anatomical forms and naturalistic details
• navel, swelling of veins, rendering of hair
• eyeballs made of bone and colored glass
• eyelashes and eyebrows made of separate cast
• lips and nipples made of pinkish copper
• teeth plated with silver
• shield on left arm, spear in right hand

Polykleitos' Spear Bearer (Doryphorous) or Achilles, High Classical Style (480-330 BCE)

• Polykleitos wrote "The Canon" - included system of ratios between a basic unit and the length of various body parts; included guidelines for symmetria; contrapposto
• preceding and succeeding movement
• arms and legs bearing weight are opposites
• head turned toward same side as the engaged leg

Kresilas Pericles from Athenian Acropolis (480-330 BCE)

• Pericles responsible for initiating the building program of the Acropolis after the Persians destroyed it in 480 BCE

Doric and Ionic Parthenon, Temple of Athena Parthenos, Athenian Acropolis, Ictinus (architect) & Phidias (sculptor) (480-330 BCE)

• Pericles commissioned Iktinos to design the temple using the finest white marble
• ratio of 4:9
• slightly arched base and entablature
• swelling of the columns (entasis)
• Pheidias designed the elephantine statue of Athena Parthenos
• Vitruvius claimed the refinement prevented the impression that the temple platform sagged in the middle

Parthenon, South Metope with Lapith (or Theseus?) with spear (to be restored) attacking wounded centaur (480-330 BCE)

• from exterior Doric Frieze
• x-shaped composition
• "athletic ballet"
• hard muscles and soft flesh

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Parthenon, East Pediment with birth of Athena (480-330 BCE)

• divinities witnessing birth of Athena from the brow of Zeus
• missing: seated Zeus w/ newborn adult Athena by his side
• left corner is sun god Helios (rising from sea)
• right corner is moon goddess Selene (descending into the sea)
• Herakles w/ lion skin or Dionysos lying on a panther skin (reclining on left side)
• 2 seated women Demeter (earth) and Persephone (grain)
• running female figure on left is Iris (messenger)
• motion lines, modeling lines (drapery folds that are on the form and pull around the form), wet drapery
• three females on right are Hestia (Zeus' sister, hearth), Dione (Zeus' consort), her daughter Aphrodite  - all waking up from deep sleep
• female forms rendered beneath draperies (fabric both covers and reveals)

Praxiteles' Hermes and infant Dionysos from Temple of Hera, Olympia, Rococo style (Late Classical 400-323 BCE)

• Hermes teasing baby Dionysos with grapes
• thought to be an original, but probably a good Roman or Hellenistic copy

Dancing Maenad of Scopas, Early Baroque Style (400-323 BCE)

• Roman copy of Greek original
• carried a goat on her shoulder probably a knife in her left hand
• agitation in the lines of the piece
• eyes very deep-set
• marble original
• hair fell free
• Maenads of Dionysos

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Attic red-figure krater by Niobid Painter with death of Niobids and Argonauts, copies of lost wall paintings, Severe Style (Early Classical 480-450 BCE)

• Argonauts on the way to get the golden fleece, stopping on the way and coming into contact with Herakles
• slaughter of the niobids
• niobid = son, daughter, descendant of someone
• children of Niobi - Niobi was a vain woman and boasted to Leto that she had more children than the goddess; gods killed Niobi's 14 children; Niobi turned into waterfall to symbolize that her grief was never-ending

Abduction of Persephone by Hades, small tomb, Vergina, Macedonia (Early Baroque 400-323 BCE)

• deceased hoping to have rebirth in the afterlife
• Nikonochos (artist?) - Rape of Persephone was known to have been in Rome, moved there from a Greek location; had an artistic style that matches this tomb painting

GREEK HELLENISTIC PERIOD

(330-30 BCE)

Venus de Milo (Aphrodite), from gymnasium, Melos, Rococo Style (330-30 BCE)

• recalls Aphrodite by Praxiteles
• twisting stance, strong projection of the knee
• flesh and drapery
• found in a niche
• erotic conquest comparable to a prize that has been won as a result of a victory in battle
• holds golden apple that was given to her in Judgment of Paris
• modeling lines

Lysippos' Scraper or Youth Scraping Himself (Apoxyomenus) (330-30 BCE)

• removing oil and dirt from body w/ scraping tool called a strigil
• deep-set eyes, heavy forehead, tousled hair
• arms break free into surrounding space

Gaul monument by Epigonos, Athena Sanctuary, Pergamon, with Gaulic chieftain and wife and dying trumpeter, Baroque Style (330-30 BCE)

• commemorates victory over the Gauls, a Celtic people
• murder-suicide of the Gaulic Chieftain and Wife (wiry unkempt hair, Chieftain supports dead wife as he kills himself)
• trumpeter (Celtic twisted neck-ring, barbarians, on the verge of death)
• no Greeks included
• dying drapery v. alive drapery

Ionic Great Altar of Zeus and Athena, Pergamon: plan, reconstruction, and frieze with Battle of gods and giants, Baroque Style, which includes figures of Zeus and Athena (330-30 BCE)

• altar complex was single-story structure with an Ionic colonnade raised on a high podium reached by a monumental staircase
• depiction of frieze is metaphor for Pergamon's victory over the Gauls
• Athena, Nike, Ge (Earth goddess)

Polyeuktos' Demosthenes (Attic Simple Style), Athenian Agora (330-30 BCE)

Stag Hunt by Gnosis, mosaic composed of pebbles from aristocratic home, Pella, Baroque Style (330-30 BCE)

• comes from "androne" - men's hall
• first signed mosaic
• framed hunting scene
• made of carefully collected pebbles

Alexander mosaic composed of tesserae and believed to copy a painting by Philoxenos or Helen, from House of the Faun, Pompeii, depicting battle between Alexander the Great and Persian King Darius (330-30 BCE)

• tesserae - small cubes of colored stone or marble (provide permanent waterproof surface)

Odyssey landscapes from a villa, Rome, showing Odysseus in the land of the cannibals (330-30 BCE)

• Laestrygonians (hurled rock at the fleet of Odysseus)

ETRUSCAN CLASSICAL PERIOD

(480-330 BCE)

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ROMAN IMPERIAL

(30 BCE - 330 AD)

Painting of a garden with fruits of all seasons, from a sunken summer dining room, Villa of Livia, Prima Porta (30 BCE-330 AD)

• wall surfaces "painted away"
• free, fluid brushwork

Portrait of Augustus from atrium, Villa of Livia, Prima Porta, Classicizing Style (30 BCE-330 AD)

• shows on the breastplate the Roman recovery of Roman military standard from the Parthians
• propaganda
• mythological imagery exalts Augustus' family
• cuirass - torso armor
• feet bare - divine status after death
• governs by reason and persuasion

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Portraits of Caracalla (influenced by Hellenistic Baroque) (30 BCE - 330 AD)

• Caracalla murdered his brother
• chilling and calculating ruthlessness
• chiarascuro
• no-nonsense ruler of iron-fisted determination

Colossal portrait of Constantine from Basilica of Constantine, Rome, Late Roman Hierarchical Style (30 BCE - 330 AD)

• saw a flaming cross in a vision and heard "in this sign you shall conquer"
• next morning demanded XP (chi & rho, christos) be engraved on soldiers' shields
• Edict of Milan
• white marble for head, chest, arms, legs
• sheets of bronze for the drapery
• all supported on wooden frame

Arch of Constantine, Rome (30 BCE - 330 AD)

• commemorates victory over Maxentius
• triple arch dwarfs Arch of Titus
• art on the arch was taken from earlier monuments made for Constantine's predecessors (Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius)
• new reliefs symbolize power and generosity

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Altar of Augustan Peace (Ara Pacis Augustae), Rome (30 BC - 330 AD)

• sundial with obelisk - during fall equinox (time of Augustus' conception) the shadow of the obelisk pointed to the open door of altar's enclosure wall
• entered through west stairway
• relief on southeast wall - goddess Pox? (Earth) (Livia in the guise of Pox, fruits, flowers, cow, grazing sheep)(panel)(evokes the Parthenon)(figure on left represents sea breeze)
• relief on south frieze (shows members of Augustus' family and Agrippa)(part of a dedication procession - consecration procession)(Augustus - veiled head, in the role of a priest, figure next to his is Tiberius [console])(Agrippa - in charge of Roman building program, married to Augustus' daughter Julia, has song Gaius Cesar)
• elaborate acanthus leaves (flowers and fruits of all seasons)
• garlands represented hanging from bull's skulls (flowers and fruits of all seasons)
• altar (figures could represent the annual sacrifices to the god Pox - north end of altar)(cow=pox, bull=Jupiter, sheep=Janus)

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Arch of Titus, Roman Realism (30 BCE - 330 AD)

• built by Titus' brother, Domitian
• served as a base for a statue of a 400 horse chariot and driver
• columns in composite order
• spoils of Jerusalem (realistic movement that swings out and then moves through; procession)(Jewish Menora - carried on the first litter)(unleavened bread, "shoebread", carried on the second litter)
• triumph of titus (12 lictors; bodyguards that always accompanied the emperor - hold fasces[bound rods])(horses led by Rome [personified] or courage [personified])(Victory crowns Titus)
• center of top inside arch (idealized titus being carried to the heavens by an eagle)

Colosseum (Flavian Ampitheater), Rome, (30 BCE - 330 AD)

o   constructed next to the colossus bronze statue of Nero               

o   amphitheatre means “seats on both sides”

o   not a theatre for fine drama

§  gladiatorial drama and hunts played out here

o   originally enclosed by the travertine façade

o   3 column orders represented

§  bottom - Tuscan Doric order

§  middle - Ionic order

§  3^rd floor - Corinthiann

o   statues in all of the archways of the 2^nd and 3^rd floors

o   interior vaults were decorated

o   mock sea battles 

Forum of Trajan and reconstruction of Basilica Ulpia, Rome (30 BCE - 330 AD)

o   buried with his wife in the column of Trajan

§  column Tuscan Doric

§  narrative starts on the bottom by the crossing of the Danube river

·         Roman realism

·         155 scenes

§  made of cararra marble

Pantheon, Rome (30 BCE - 330 AD)

o   Hadrian’s rule 117-138 AD

o   located in the Campus Martius

o   preceded by an Augustand version made of wood

o   used as a church

o   oculus “eye” at the top

o   coiffered ceiling in concrete

o   exterior coumns are granite