Term
| What are functions of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
- Provide O2/Eliminate CO2
- Regulate pH
- Phonation - form speech
- Defend against microbes
- FILTER blood
- Removal/production of chemicals (PgE, AngI)
- DRUG ABSORPTION |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exchange of O2 and CO2 between and organism and it's environment |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 major processes of respiration? |
|
Definition
- Ventilation - movement of air in and out
- Gas exchange in lungs - between alveoli and blood
- Transport of gases - from lungs to tissues and back
- Gas exchange in tissues - between systemic blood and cells
- Cellular respiration - O2 utilization |
|
|
Term
| What are upper respiratory tract structures? |
|
Definition
| Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, oral cavity |
|
|
Term
| What are lower respiratory tract structures? |
|
Definition
| trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
|
|
Term
| What composes the respiratory mucosa? |
|
Definition
ciliated columnar cells
Goblet cells - secrete mucous
serous glands - secrete antibacterial enzymes. Defensins are proteins that pierce microbes
**Not in alveoli |
|
|
Term
| What are the three sections of the pharynx? |
|
Definition
In descending order:
- Nasopharynx - auditory tube, drains middle ear
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx |
|
|
Term
| What divides the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is special about olfactory mucosa? |
|
Definition
In the superior part of the nasal cavity, contains sensory cells
**Nasal cavity is both ciliated and mucous secreting |
|
|
Term
| What structures are found in the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
- Nostrils - openings
- Posterior aperture - opens to pharynx
- Vestibule - entrance to nasal cavity, filters air. Contains Sweat and sebaceous glands
- Conchae - lobes in the nasal cavity
- Meatus - creases that increase surface area, trap large particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4 cavities that connect w/ the nasal cavity, warm/moisten air and lighten/hollow out the skull
- Frontal
- Ethmoid
- Sphenoid
- Maxillary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lymphatic structures in the PHARYNX that trap pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pathway for food/air that connects mouth and larynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Made of cartilage, only the LOWER portion is ciliated
Contains the voice box/vocal cords
Routes air and food using epiglottis |
|
|
Term
| What structures are in the oral cavity? |
|
Definition
Hard and soft palate
Uvula - closes off nasal cavity during swallowing
**NOT ciliated |
|
|
Term
| What are types of upper respiratory tract disorders? |
|
Definition
- Rhinitis - inflammation of nasal mucosa
- Sinusitis - Inflammation of the sinuses
- Tonsilitis - inflammation of the tonsils
- Epistaxis - bloody nose
- Laryngitis - inflammation of vocal cords
- Pharyngitis - Sore throat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In the lower respiratory tract - flexible tube connecting trachea to bronchi. Moistens and cleans air
** Ciliated and mucous producing |
|
|
Term
| What are the bronchial tubes? |
|
Definition
Passageways connecting the trachea to bronchioles. Cartilage decreases further into the lungs.
** Ciliated and mucous secreting |
|
|
Term
| What are the bronchioles? |
|
Definition
The smallest air passages before the alveoli, lacking cartilage. Sensitive to HISTAMINE.
LACK cilia and mucous glands
**Terminal bronchioles do not attach to alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Main site of gas exchange!
Lined w/ Type I simple squamous cells (produce ACE)
- Type II cells - produce surfectant
- Alveolar macrophages - remove debris and infections agents
- Alveolar sacs - end clusters
- Alveolar ducts - lead to sacs
- Alveolar pores - equalize air pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is the respiratory membrane? |
|
Definition
The membrane across which O2 and CO2 exchange in the alveoli
Also called alveolar-capillary membrane - Type I + pulmonary epithelium
0.5 microns! |
|
|
Term
| What different zones exist in the pulmonary system? |
|
Definition
- Conducting zone - Nasal cavity up to and INCLUDING terminal bronchioles. Cilia and Goblet cells.
- Respiratory zone - respiratory bronchioles to alveoli. NO CARTILAGE PRESENT. |
|
|
Term
| What are the anatomical features of the lungs? |
|
Definition
- Right lung - 3 lobes
- Left lung - 2 lobes w/ cardiac notch
- Lobules - smallest division
- Hilus - where blood vessels and primary bronchi enter |
|
|
Term
| What are the pleural coverings? |
|
Definition
- Parietal pleura - faces thoracic wall
- Visceral pleura - faces surface of the lung
Allow lung to function independently, prevent infection. Filled w/ fluid.
Fxns: Lubricate outer surface, hold pleura together, coordinate breathing movements |
|
|
Term
| What muscles are used in respiration? |
|
Definition
- Diaphragm - contracts on inspiration
- Intercostal muscles - between ribs, assist in inspiration and expiration
- Abdominal muscles - For rigorous breathing |
|
|
Term
| How are the lungs innervated? |
|
Definition
- Vagus nerve - PNS to and from. Cholinergic stimulation CONSTRICTS airways, increases mucous secretion
- Thoracic nerves T2-T4 - SNS. Motor to intercostals and abdominals. Dilation through non-SNS such as NO, VIP, NK. Also, epi binds to B2 --> dilation
- Phrenic - cervical, innervates diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| How are the lungs perfused? |
|
Definition
- Pulmonary circulation - pulmonary arteries contain deoxygenated blood, perfuses into alveoli. Low pressure, high volume
- Bronchiole circulation - from AORTA, oxygenated blood to all lung tissues EXCEPT alveoli |
|
|
Term
| Is there lymphatic drainage in the lungs? |
|
Definition
| Yes! controls fluid balance. Blockage = pulmonary edema |
|
|
Term
| What respiratory volumes are found in the lungs? |
|
Definition
- Tidal volume - volume entering during a normal inspiration
- Inspiratory reserve volume - amount that can be inspired forcefully over TV
- Expiratory reserve volume - amount that can be forcibly exhaled after TV
- Residual volume - amount in the lungs after forces expiration |
|
|
Term
| What capacities exist in the lungs? |
|
Definition
- Functional residual capacity - amount residing in the lungs after TV expiration. FRC = ERV + RV
- Inspiratory capacity - maximum unforced amount that can be inspired. IC = TV + IRV
- Vital capacity - Maximum amount expired w/ maximum effort. VC = TV + IRV + ERV
- Total capacity - max amount possible to contain in the lungs. TC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV |
|
|
Term
| What rate measurements are used to measure the lung? |
|
Definition
- Forced vital capacity - vital capacity measured by exhaling as fast as possible. Low in restriction
- Forced expiratory volume 1 - volume expired after 1 second following max inhalation. Low in obstruction/COPD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of respiratory volumes and flow, evaluates a loss in respiratory function. |
|
|
Term
| What is minute ventilation? |
|
Definition
| Tidal volume * Respiratory rate |
|
|
Term
| What is alveolar ventilation? How does it compare to minute ventilation? |
|
Definition
The amount of fresh air available for gas exchange, accounts for dead space
(TV- 150(dead space)) * respiratory rate
**Will always be less than minute ventilation |
|
|
