o: occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of the thoracic vertebrae

i: lateral 1/3 of the clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula

A. retract scapula; upper fibers raise scapula and lower fibers lower scapula; acts synergystically with the lower serratus anterior to upwardly rotate scapula during aBduction

n. accessory nerve

o: spinous processes lower throacic; lumbar, and upper sacral vertebrae; iliac crest; lower ribs

i: floor of the intertubular groove of the humerus

A. aDduct, inwardly rotate and extend the arm; prevents upward displacement of the humerus

n. thoracodorsal nerve (middle subscapular)

o: transverse processes of first 3 or 4 cervical vertebrae

i: superior angle of the scapula

A: elevate scapula

n. ventral primary rami of cervical nerves 3 & 4

o: lower part ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes cervical vertebra 7 and thoracic vertebra 1

i: medial border of scapula at the base of the scapular spine

A: retract scapula (aDduct and downwardly rotate)

n: dorsal scapular nerve

o: spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae 2-5

i: medial border scapula inferior to spine

A: retract scapula (aDduct and downwardly rotate)

n: dorsal scapular nerve

o: ligamentum nucahe, spinous processes lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae

i: second to fifth ribs

A: elevate ribs and aid inspiration

n: ventral primary rami of first 3 or 4 thoracic nerves (intercostals)

o: spinous processes of lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae

i: lower 3 or 4 ribs

A: restrains ribs against upward pull of diaphragm during inspiration

n: ventral primary rami of last 4 thoracic nerves (intercostals)

o: ligamentum nuchae, spinous process CV7 to TV3

i: occipital bone and mastoid process

A: pull hear posteriorly; turns head to same side

n: dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves

o: spinous processes of T3-T6

i: transverse processes of C1-C4

A: pull head posteriorly; turns head to same side

n: dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves

o: iliac crest, sacrum

i: lower six ribs near their angles

o: lower six ribs medial to insertions of iliocostalis lumborum

i: upper six ribs

o: upper six ribs medial to the insertions of iliocostalis thoracis

i: transverse processes of C4-C6

o: lower lumbar spinous processes and sacrum

i: lower nine ribs and associated transverse processes

o: transverse processes of T1 - T4 or T6

i: transverse processes of C2-C6

o: lower four cervical vertebrae transverse processes medial to insertions of longissimus cervicis

i: mastoid process

o: spinois process of T11-L2

i: spinous processes of upper 4-8 TV

iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

- act to maintain erect posture; extend vertebral column, pull the head and neck posteriorly or turn body and head to same side when only one side contracts

A: maintain erect posture; extend vertebral column, pull the head posteriorly or turn body and head to the same side when only one side contracts n: dorsal primary rami of most of the spinal nerves

- movement of upper limbs and respiration

- all innervated by ventral primary rami (except trapezius)

- movements of the vertebral column and head

- innervated by dorsal primary rami

- divided into 3 groups: splenius muscle complex, erector spinae muscle complex, transversospinalis group

semispinalis, multifidus, & rotatores

- pull spinous processes toward transverse processes and therefore turn the body to the opposite side; if both sides act together they will extend the vertebral column

- all innervated by dorsal primary rami

- muscles arranged in the shape of a triangle

- vertebral artery and dorsal primary ramus of the 1st cervical nerve (suboccipital) are within the triangle

- greater occipital nerve emerges just inferior to the triangle

- occipital artery just lateral to the triangle

o: spine of axis

i: transverse process of atlas

A: turn head to same side

n: suboccipital nerve - forms inferior boundary of triangle

o: transverse process of atlas

i: occipital bone

A: pull head posteriorly and turns head to same side

n: suboccipital nerve - forms lateral boundary of triangle

o: spine of axis

i: occipital bone

A: pull head posteriorly and turns head to same side

n: suboccipital nerve - forms medial boundary of triangle

o: posterior tubercle of atlas

i: occipital bone

A: pull head posteriorly and turn head to same side

n: suboccipital nerve

o: clavicle, acromion, & scapular spine

i: deltoid tuberosity

A: abduct arm to horizontal; above this level needs aid of trapezius and serratus anterior; anterior fibers flex and medially rotate humerus and posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate humerus

n: axillary nerve

o: upper eight ribs

i: anterior surface medial border of scapula

A: pull scapula away from midline; moves inferior angle laterally to assist abduction os arm above horizontal

n: long thoracic

o: subscapular fossa

i: lesser tubercle

A: adduct and medially rotate arm; aids inferior glide of humeral head during abduction of arm

n: upper and lower subscapular nerves

o: supraspinous fossa

i: greater tubercle

A: abduction of arm - perhaps initiator; holds head of humerus in glenoid fossa

n: suprascapular nerve

o: infraspinous fossa

i: greater tubercle

A: laterally rotate arm; aids inferior glide of humeral head during abduction of arm

n: suprascapular nerve

o: inferior lateral margin of scapula

i: greater tubercle

A: laterally rotate arm; aids inferior glide of humeral head during aBduction of arm

n: axillary nerve

o: dorsal surface scapula near inferior angle

i: medial lip intertubercilar groove

A: extend, aDduct, medially rotate arm

n: lower subscapular

- tendons of subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, & teres minor blend with fibrous capsule of the glenohumoral joint to form a musculotendinous cuff around the head of the humerus

- help hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa

- greatly strengthen the joint capsule

-bound by teres minor, teres major, long head of the triceps, and the humeus

- transmits axillary nerve and posterior humeral circumflex artery

- space bounded by teres major, teres minor & long head of triceps

- transmits circumflex scapular artery (branch of subscapular artery)

- area bounded by teres major, long head of triceps, & lateral head of trieps

- radial nerve and deep brachial artery found here

- arises from upper trunk of brachial plexus

- crosses posterior triangle of neck to join artery of same name at or near scapular notch

- passes through scapular notch bound down by superior transverse scapular ligament (suprascapular)

- after innervating supraspinatus, passes with suprascapular artery through spinoglenoid notch to reach infraspinatus muscle

- arises from thyrocervical trunk (from subclavian)

- passes laterally just superposterior to the clavicle

- joins the suprascapular nerve near scapular notch but passes superficial to superior transverse scapular ligament

- supplies supraspinois fossa, passes through the spinoglenoid notch to supply the infraspinous fossa and anastomose with the circumflex scapular artery

- posterior brachial cutaneous arises from radial nerve while it is still in the axilla

- medial brachial cutaneous arises from the medial cord of brachial plexus and becomes cutaneous in proximal one third or arm

- lateral (lower) brachial cutaneous arises from radial nerve and becomes cutaneous at middle of arm

- supplied by medial, lateral, posterior cutaneous nerves of the forearm

- each derived from similarly named cords of brachial plexus

- each becomes cutaneous above the elbow

- medial antebrachial cutaneous a direct branch of medial cord of plexus and becomes cutaneous half way down arm and accompanies basilic vein

- lateral antebrachial cutaneous is termination of musculocutaneous and therefore lateral cord of plexus

- three of the five terminal branches of the brachial plexus ultimately contribute a cutaneous branch to the hand

- median nerve supplies the lateral palm and three and one half digits via palmar and digital branches while ulnar supplies palmar digitals to the medial palm and one and one half digits

- dorsal cutaneous branch of ulnar supplies medial dorsal aspect of the hand and dorsum of medial one and one half digits

- superficial radial supplies lateral dorsal aspect fo the hand and dorsum of three adn one half digits except for their distal parts, which are supplied by the median nerve

o: clavicular portion: medial half of clavicle sternocostal portion: sternum, costal cartilages, & aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique

i: lateral lip intertubercular groove

A: flex, adduct, medially rotate humerus

n: medial & lateral pectoral nerves

o: anterior surface of ribs 2, 3, 4 (3, 4, 5)

 i: coracoid process

A: lower scapula

n: medial pectoral nerve

o: first rib

i: inferior surface clavicle

A: lower clavicle

n: nerve to subclavius