Term
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Definition
| STUDY OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL BODY STRUCTURES AND THEIR PHYSICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG OTHER BODY TYPES. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE STUDY OF HOW LIVING ORGANISMS PERFORM THEIR FUNCTIONS. |
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Term
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Definition
| USING WORD ROOTS, PREFIXES, SUFFIXES, AND COMBINING FORMS TO BUILD TERMS RELATED TO THE BODY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person after whom a discovery, invention, place, etc., is named or thought to be named. Many anatomical structures and clinical conditions were first named after either the discoverer or, in the case of diseases, the most famous victim. |
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Term
| INTERNATIONAL ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY |
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Definition
| Serves as a worldwide official standard of anatomical vocabulary. |
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Term
GROSS ANATOMY
(macroscopic anatomy) |
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Definition
| The branch of anatomy that deals with the structure of organs and tissues that are visible to the naked eye. Gross anatomy can be seen without using a microscope and can involve the study of anatomy by dissecting a cadaver. |
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Term
SURFACE ANATOMY
(form of gross anatomy) |
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Definition
| The study of general form and superficial (toward the body surface) markings. |
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Term
REGIONAL ANATOMY
(form of gross anatomy) |
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Definition
| Focuses on the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body, such as the head, neck, or trunk. |
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Term
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
(form of gross anatomy) |
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Definition
| Study of the structure of organ systems. |
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Term
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Definition
A group of organs interacting to perform a particular function.
Groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner. Examples include the skeletal system, the muscular system, and the cardiovascular system. |
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Term
CLINICAL ANATOMY
(form of gross anatomy) |
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Definition
| A number of subspecialties important in clinical practice. Examples include pathological anatomy, radiographic anatomy, and surgical anatomy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anatomical features that change during illness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anatomical structures seen using specialized imaging techniques. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anatomical landmarks important in surgery. |
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Term
DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY
(form of gross anatomy) |
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Definition
| Describes the changes in form that take place between conception and adulthood. The techniques of developmental anatomists are similiar to those used in gross anatomy and in microscopic anatomy because developmental anatomy considers anatomical structures over a broad range of sizes - from a single cell to an adult human. |
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Term
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Definition
The branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.
The study of these early developmental processes. |
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Term
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Definition
The study of the internal structure of individual cells, the simplest units of life.
The branch of biology concerned with the structure and function of plant and animal cells. |
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Term
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Definition
Deals with structures that we cannot see without magnification. The boundaries of microscopic anatomy are set by the limits of the equioment we use.
Includes 2 major subdivisions - cytology and histology |
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Term
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Definition
| The examination of tissues. |
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Term
TISSUES
(the tissue level) |
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Definition
| A group of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions. |
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Term
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Definition
Made up of two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions.
Tissues combine together to form ORGANS, such as the heart, kidney, liver, or brain, each with specific functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the functions, or workings, of the human body. |
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Term
CELL PHYSIOLOGY
(form of human physiology) |
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Definition
| The study of the functions of cells, is the cornerstone of human physiology. Cell physiology looks at events involving the atoms and molecules important to life. It includes both chemical processes within cells and chemical interactions among cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the function of specific organs. An example is cardiac physiology, the study of heart function - how the heart works. |
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Term
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Definition
| All aspects of the functioning of specific organ systems. Cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology, and reproductive physiology are examples. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the effects of diseases on organ functions or system functions. |
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Term
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Definition
SIGNS
Objective disease indication like fever.
SYMPTOMS
Subjective disease indication, such as tiredness. |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of advancing knowledge that begins by proposing a hypothesis to answer a question, and then testing that hypothesis with data collected through observation and experimentation. |
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Term
ATOMS
(the chemical level) |
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Definition
| The smallest stable units of matter. They combine to form molecules with complex shapes. |
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Term
CELLS
(The cellular level) |
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Definition
| The smallest living units in the body. |
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Term
ORGANISM
(the organism level) |
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Definition
| The highest level of organization that we consider. All the body's organ system must work together to maintain the life and health of the organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the existence of a stable internal environment. Maintaining homeostatis is absolutely vital to an organism's survival. Failure to maintain homeostatis soon leads to illness or even death. |
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Term
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Definition
| The adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostatis. |
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Term
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Definition
A process that occurs when a cell, a tissue, an organ, or an organ system adjusts in response to some environmental change.
ex: when oxygen levels decline in a tissue, the cells release chemicals that widen, or dilate, blood vessels.This dilation increases the rate of blood flow and provides more oxygen to the region. |
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Term
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Definition
A process that results from the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system. These organ systems detect an environmental change and send an electrical signal (nervous system) or chemical messanger (endocrine system) to control or adjust the activities of another or many other systems simultaneously.
ex: When you exercise, the nervous system issues commands that increase heart rate so that the blood will circulate faster. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change. |
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Term
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Definition
| Receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
INTEGUMENTARY
(organ system) |
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Definition
MAJOR ORGANS:
skin, hair, sweat glands, nails
FUNCTIONS:
Protects against environmental hazards
Helps regulate body temperature
Provides sensory information |
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Term
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Definition
MAJOR ORGANS
Bones, Cartilages, Associated Ligaments, Bone Marrow
FUNCTIONS
Provides support and protection for other tissues
Stores calcium and other minerals
Forms blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
MAJOR ORGANS
Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
FUNCTIONS
Provides movement
Provides protection & support for other tissues
Generates heat that maintains body temperature
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Term
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Definition
MAJOR ORGANS
Brain, Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nerves, Sense Organs
FUNCTIONS
Directs immediate responses to stimuli
Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems
Provides & interprets sensory information about external conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
MAJOR ORGANS
Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Pancreas, Adrenal Glands, Gonads, Endocrine Tissues in Other Systems
FUNCTIONS
Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ system.
Adjusts metabolic activity & energy use by the body.
Controls many structural & functional changes during development. |
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Term
CARDIOVASCULAR
(organ system) |
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Definition
MAJOR ORGANS
Heart, Blood, Blood Vessels
FUNCTIONS
Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
Distributes heat and assits in control of body temperature. |
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Term
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Definition
MAJOR ORGANS
Spleen, Thymus, Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph Nodes, Tonsils
FUNCTIONS
Defends against infection and disease
Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream |
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Term
RESPIRATORY
(organ system) |
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Definition
MAJOR ORGANS
Nasal Cavities
Sinuses
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Alveoli
FUNCTIONS
Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs)
Provides oxygen to bloodstream
Removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream
Produces sounds for communication |
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Term
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Definition
MAJOR ORGANS
Teeth, Tongue, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Liver, Galbladder, Pancreas
FUNCTIONS
Processes & digests food
Absorbs & conserves water
Absorbs nutrients
Stores energy reserves |
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Term
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Definition
MAJOR ORGANS
Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra
FUNCTIONS
Excretes waste products from the blood
Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced
Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH |
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Term
MALE REPRODUCTION
(organ systems) |
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Definition
MAJOR ORGANS
Testes, Epididymides, Ductus Deferentia, Seminal vesicles, Prostate Gland, Penis, Scrotum
FUNCTIONS
Produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids, and hormones
Sexual Intercourse |
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Term
FEMALE REPRODUCTION
(organ system) |
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Definition
MAJOR ORGANS
Ovaries, Uterine tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Labia, Clitoris, Mammary Glands
FUNCTIONS
Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery
Provides milk to nourish newborn infant
Sexual Intercourse |
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Term
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Definition
A way of counteracting change.
ex: The control of body temperature, a process called thermoregulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the original change in conditions, rather than opposing it. You seldom encounter positive feedback in your daily life, simply because it tends to produce extreme results. |
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Term
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Definition
| A escalating cycle in which a change from the normal range of function elicits a response that amplifies or enhances that change. |
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Term
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Definition
| A state that occurs when organ systems begin to malfunction. |
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Term
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Definition
| When opposing processes or forces are in balance. |
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Term
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Definition
| A state of balance between continuing processes. Each physiological system functions to maintain a state of equilibrium that keeps vital conditions within a normal range of values. |
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Term
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Definition
| The action of listening to sounds from the heart, lungs, or other organs with a stethoscope. It is a valuable tool and serves as an important part of the medical diagnosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Locating structures on or near the body surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| The standard anatomical reference for the human form. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When lying down, face down. |
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Term
ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS
RUQ (Right Upper Quadrant)
RLQ (Right Lower Quadrant)
LUQ (Left Upper Quadrant)
LLQ (Left Lower Quadrant)
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Definition
Formed by a pair of imaginary perpendicular lines that intersect at the umbilicus (navel). This simple method provides useful references for the description of aches, pains, and injuries. The location can help the clinician determine the possible cause.
ex: Tenderness in the lower right quadrant (RLQ) is a sympton of appendicitis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the back of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the front of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| A slice through a three dimensional object. |
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Term
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Definition
Frontal or Coronal Plane
Sagittal Plane
Transverse, or Horizontal Plane |
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Term
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Definition
| Plane is oriented parallel to long axis. A frontal, or coronal, section separates anterior & posterior portions of the body. Coronal usually refers to sections passing through the skull. |
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Term
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Definition
Plane is oriented parallel to long axis. A sagittal section separates right and left portions. You examine a sagittal section, but you section sagittally.
In a midsagittal section, the plane passes through the midline. It seperates the body into equal right and left sides.
A parasagittal section misses the midline. It separates the body into unequal right and left sides.
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Term
| TRANSVERSE, OR HORIZONTAL PLANE |
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Definition
Plane is oriented perpendicular to long axis.
A transverse, or cross, section separates superior and inferior portions of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Closed, fluid-filled, and lined by a thin tissue layer called a serous membrane, or serosa. The vital organs of the trunk are suspended within these body cavities; they do not simply lie there. |
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Term
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Definition
| A flat muscular sheet, separates the anatomical regions. |
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Term
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Definition
Internal organs that are enclosed by these cavities.
The internal organs in the main cavities of the body, especially those in the abdomen, e.g., the intestines. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oldest and still the most common method of imaging. High energy radiation that can penetrate living tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| CT Scans use computers to reconstruct sectional views. A single x-ray source rotates around the body, and the x-ray beam strikes a sensor monitored by the computer. The x-ray source completes one revolution around the body every few seconds. CT Scan show three dimensional relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to investigate the anatomy and physiology of the body in both health and disease. MRI scanners use magnetic fields and radio waves to form images of the body. The technique is widely used in hospitals for medical diagnosis, staging of disease and follow-up without exposure to ionizing radiation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine, functional imaging technique that produces a three-dimensional image of functional processes in the body. The system detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a positron-emitting radionuclide, which is introduced into the body on a biologically active molecule. Three-dimensional images of tracer concentration within the body are then constructed by computer analysis. In modern PET-CT scanners, three dimensional imaging is often accomplished with the aid of a CT X-ray scan performed on the patient during the same session, in the same machine. |
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Term
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Definition
Diagnostic ultrasound, also called sonography or diagnostic medical sonography, is an imaging method that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of structures within your body. The images can provide valuable information for diagnosing and treating a variety of diseases and conditions.
Most ultrasound examinations are done using a sonar device outside your body, though some ultrasound examinations involve placing a device inside your body.
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Term
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Definition
The cavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart; associated organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and lymphatic systems; the inferior portions of the esophagus; and the thymus.
The thoracic cavity is subdivided into the left and right pleural cavities (holding the lungs), separated by a mass of tissue called the mediastinum.
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Term
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Definition
| A (mass of tissue) membranous partition between two body cavities or two parts of an organ, especially that between the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small chamber that surrounds the heart. |
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Term
| THE ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY |
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Definition
| Extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis. It is subdivided into the superior abdomial cavity and an inferior pelvic cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease of short duration but typically severe. |
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Term
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Definition
| The treatment of disease or mental disorder by the use of chemical substances, especially the treatment of cancer by cytotoxic and other drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Illness persisting for a long time or constantly recurring. Often constrated with acute. |
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Term
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Definition
| The branch of science that deals with the incidence, distriution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health. |
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Term
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Definition
| The science and study of the cause of diseases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Denoting any disease or condition of unknown cause. |
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Term
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Definition
| The state of being diseased or unhealthy, or the incidence of disease in a population. |
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Term
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Definition
| The functional changes that accompany a particular syndrome or disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition characterized by a group of associated symptoms. |
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