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| anything that occupies space, can be felt seen and smelled, and has mass |
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| weightless and does not take up space, the ability to do work or put matter into motion |
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| stored in the bonds of chemical substances |
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| energy that is generated when directly involved in moving matter....ride a bicycle |
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| unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods |
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| smallest particle that still retains its special properties |
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| each element is designated by a one or two letter chemical shorthand |
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| subatomic particle that has a positive charge...located in the nucleus |
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| subatomic particle that has no charge...located in the nucleus |
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| subatomic particle that has a negative charge....located in the orbitals |
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| number equal to the number of protons in the nucleus |
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| number equal to the sum of the protons and neutrons |
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| elements that exhibit two or more structural variations |
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| heavier isotopes of certain atoms are unstable and tend to decompose to become more stable |
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| two or more atoms of the same type combine chemically |
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| when two or more different atoms bind together |
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| occur whenever atoms combine with or dissociate from other atoms |
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| bonds that form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another |
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| when atoms gain or lose electrons during bonding, their positive and negative charges are no longer balanced and are called |
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| most compounds that are formed by ionic bonding fall into this category of chemicals |
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| where electrons are shared in such a way that each atom is able to fill its valence shell at least part of the time |
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| when electrons are shared equally between the atoms of the molecule |
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| when electrons are not shared equally between the atoms of the molecule |
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| extremely weak bonds formed when a hydrogen atom bound to one electron hungry nitrogen or oxygen atom is attracted by another electron hungry atom....the hydrogen forms a bridge between them |
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when two or more atoms or molecules combine to form a larger more complex molecule
a + b = ab |
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occur when a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules atoms or ions
ab = a + b |
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parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products
ab + cd = ad + cb |
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| amount of energy required to start a reaction |
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| promote chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy requirements |
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| compounds that accelerate chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed or consumed |
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| essential elements and molecules normally obtained from the diet |
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| include all the molecules that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside our bodies |
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| do not contain carbon and hydrogen atoms as their primary structural ingredients |
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| carbon and hydrogen always from the basis for these compounds |
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| What are the properties of water? |
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solubility
reactivity
high heat capacity
lubrication |
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| will dissolve or break up in water |
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| a uniform mixure of two or more substances |
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| the medium in which other atoms ions or molecules are dispersed in |
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| the dispersed substances in a solution |
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| the ability to absorb and retain heat |
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| molecule that has a positive and negative pole |
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| soluble inorganic molecules whose ions will conduct an electrical current in solution |
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| molecules that interact readily with water |
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| molecules that do not readily interact with water |
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| a solution containing dispered proteins or other large molecules |
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| contains even larger particles that will if undisturbed settle out of solution due to the force of gravity |
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| the hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids...shorthand |
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| the process of separating ionic compounds |
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| substances that conduct an electical current in a solution |
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| have a sour taste and can dissolve may metals or burn a hole in your rug....a substance that can release hydrogen ions in detectable amounts |
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| acids do this with protons |
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| have a bitter tase and feel slippery and are proton acceptors....a substance that can release a hydroxyl ion and some cations |
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| relative concentration of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in various body fluids is measured in concntration units |
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| chemicals that are present in body fluids that help maintain pH |
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| includes sugars and starches, contain carbon hydrogen and olygen |
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| one sugar...simple sugars |
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| double sugars are formed when two simple sugars are joined by dehydration synthesis |
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| in this reaction a water molecule is lost as a bond forms |
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| formed when a glucose and fructose combine |
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| formed when a glucose and galactose combine |
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| formed when a glucose and glucose combine |
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| a water molecure is added to a bond thus breaking them apart |
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| long branching chains of linked simple sugars |
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triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
are insoluble in water |
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| neutral fats...composed of two types of building blocks fatty acids and glycerol involves the attachment of three atty acids to a single glycerol molecule |
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| two fatty acid molecules with one phosphorus containing group |
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| basically flat molecules formed of four interlocking rings |
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| steroid molecules single most important |
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| account for over 50 percent of the organic matter in the body and have the most varied functions of the organic molecules |
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| buiding blocks of proteins |
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| fibrous proteins, also called structural proteins |
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| appear most often in body structures |
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| globular proteins also called functional proteins |
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| are mobile generally spherical molecule proteins play a critical role in virtually all biological processes..do things |
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| are functional proteins that act as biological catalysts |
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| is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the product or being changed itself |
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| fundamental...make of the genes which provide the basic blueprint of life |
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| building blocks of nucleic acids |
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nitrogen-containing base
pentose sugar
phosphate group |
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| deoxyribonucleic acid dna |
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| genetic material found within the cell nucleus |
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| located outside the nucleus and can be considered the molecular slave of dna...carries out the orders for protein synthesis issued by dna |
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| adenosine triphosphate...atp |
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| provides a form of chemical energy that is usable by all body cells |
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| adenosine diphosphate...adp |
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| this plus phosphate and energy make atp |
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