Term
| Areas and Bones of the upper Limb |
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Definition
Shoulder (shoulder) - Scapula and clavicle
Brachium (upper arm) - humerus
Antebrachium (forearm) - radius and ulna
Manus (hand) - carpals (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate), metacarpals, phalanges |
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Term
| Bones and their functions of the Shoulder Girdle |
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Definition
Scapula - muscle attachments, exaggerates the motion of the upper limb
Clavicle - projects limb laterally, transmits energy from the limb to the trunk |
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Term
| Articulations of the shoulder |
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Definition
Sternoclavicular - sternum and clavicle
Acromioclavicular - acromion and clavicle
Scapulothoracic - scapula and thorax
Glenohumeral - humerus and glenoid fossa |
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Term
| Sternoclavicular Articulation |
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Definition
| Multiaxial synoial joint, articular disc prevents bone from touching bone |
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Term
| Acromioclavicular Articulation |
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Definition
| Gliding synovial joint, stabilized by the coracoclavicular ligament |
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Term
| Scapulothoracic Articulation |
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Definition
| Allows for movement of scapula on the rib cage, allows for exaggeration of upper limb movement |
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Term
| Glenohumeral Articulation |
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Definition
| Ball and socket synovial joint, true shoulder joint, Glenoid labrum deepens the socket, ligament casule is loose; receivees strength from surrounding muscles |
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Term
| Differences between the shoulder and hip |
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Definition
| The hip is much more stable than the shoulder but does not allow for nearly as much motion |
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Term
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Definition
Attach the humerus to the axial skeleton
Pectoralis Major and Latissimus Dorsi |
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Term
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Definition
Attach the scapula to the axial skeleton
Pectoralis Minor, Serratus Anterior, Trapezis, Levator Scapula, Rhomboids |
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Term
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Definition
Attach the Scapula to the humerus
Clavicular, Aacromial, and spinal heads of the Deltoid, Teres Major, Teres Minor, Supraspinatous, Infraspinatous, Subscapularis |
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Term
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Definition
A: Nuchal ligament and spinous processes
B: Scapula, and lateral 1/3 of clavicle
inn: Spinal Accessory cranial Nerve XI
Action: adduct, elevate, depress, and rotate up the scapula |
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Term
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Definition
A: Lower spinous processes and illiac crest
B: Humerus
inn: Thoracodorsdal Nerve
action: adduct and medially rotate arm, extend shoulder |
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Term
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Definition
A: Transverse processes of C1-4
B: Scapula
inn: Dorsal scapular Nerve
action: elevate scapula, rotate glenoid fossa down |
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Term
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Definition
A: upper spinous proesses
B: scapula
inn: Dorsal Scapular Nerve
action: Adducts sccapula, rotates glenoid fossa down |
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Term
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Definition
A: Clavicle and Sternum
B: bicipital groove of the humerus
inn: lateral and medial pectoral nerves
action: adduct and medial rotatuon of arm, flexion and extension of arm |
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Term
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Definition
A: upper ribs
B: Corocoid process of the scapula
inn: medial and lateral pectoral nerves
action: depresses and stabilizes scapula |
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Term
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Definition
A: Anterior side of ribs
B: scapula
inn: Long Thoracic Nerve
action: hold scapula to chest, abducts and rotates glenoid fossa up |
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Term
| Clavicular Head of the Deltoid |
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Definition
A: Clavicle
B: Humerus
inn: Axillary Nerve
action: medial rotation and flexion of the arm |
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Term
| Acromial Head of the Deltoid |
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Definition
A: Acromion
B: Humerus
inn: Axillary Nerve
action Abducts the arm |
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Term
| Spinal Head of the Deltoid |
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Definition
A: Scapular Spine
B: Humerus
inn Axillary Nerve
action: Lateral rotation and extension of the arm |
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Term
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Definition
A: Scapula
B: Humerus
inn: Lower Subscapular Nerve
action: Medial roatation, adduction, and extension of arm |
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Term
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Definition
A: Scapula
B: Greater Tubercle of the Humerus
inn: Axillary Nerve
Action: Lateral rotation and adduction of the arm |
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Term
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Definition
A: Supraspinous Fossa
B: Greater Tubercle of the Humerus
inn: suprascapular nerve
action: abducts arm |
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Term
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Definition
A: Infraspinous Fossa
B: Greater Tubercle of the Humerus
inn: Suprascapular Nerve
action: lateral rotation of the humerus |
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Term
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Definition
A: Subscapular Fossa
B: Lesser Tubercle of the Humerus
inn: Upper and Lower Subscapular Nerves
action: Medial rotation and adduction of the arm |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of Teres Minor, Supraspinatous, Infraspinatous, subscapularis. Maintain stability of the glenohumeral joint |
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Term
| Axilla (Boundaries and Contents) |
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Definition
Boundaries - Upper limb laterally, thoracic wall (seratous anterior) medially, Pectoralis Major anteriorly, scapula posteriorly
Contents - Brachial Plexus, Axillar Vessels, Lymphatics, Fat |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of modified sweat glands packed in fat, supported by fibrous ligaments, borrowed from local fascia, covered with delicate skin |
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Term
| Difference between Breast and Mammary Glands |
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Definition
| Mammary glands are accessory organs of the female reproductive system located within the breast |
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Term
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Definition
Fibrous Ligaments - borrowed from local deep fascia, suspensory ligament of the breast
Mammary Galnds - Produce milk, lead into the lactiferous ducts
Lactiferous ducts - link the mammary gland and the lactiferous sinuses
Lactiferous Sinuses - At the end of the lactiferous ducts, milk accumulates between breast feeding
Nipple - point where milk lactates from
Areola - colored area around the nipple
Fat Tissue - fat that fills the breast |
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Term
| Risk Factors for Breast Factors |
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Definition
1. Being female
2. Age
3. Obesity |
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Term
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Definition
1. Self-Breast Exam
2. Mammography
3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in breast tissue, presents as non-cancerous lumps |
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Term
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Definition
| Due to a large amount lymph tissue, the cancer can spread to surrounding tissue very easily |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerves from C5 to T1 that form the nerves of the upper limb |
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Term
| Divisions of the Brachial Plexus |
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Definition
| Ventral Roots (C5-T1)--> Upper, Middle, Lower Trunks--> Anterior and Posterior Divisions--> Lateral, Posterior, and Medial Cords--> Terminal Nerves |
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Term
| Branches off of the Ventral Roots of the Brachial Plexus |
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Definition
Long Thoracic Nerve - originates from C5-C7
Dorsal Scapular - Originates from C5 |
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Term
| Branches off of the Trunks of the Brachial Plexus |
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Definition
| Suprascapular Nerve - originates from the upper trunk |
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Term
| Branches off of the Cords of the Brachial Plexus |
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Definition
Lateral Pectoral Nerve - originates from the lateral cord
Medial Pectoral Nerve - originates from the medial cord
Upper Subscapular Nerve - originates from the posterior cord
Thoracodorsal Nerve - originates from the posterior cord
Lower Subscapular Nerve - originates from the posterior cord |
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Term
| Terminal Branches of the Brachial Plexus |
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Definition
Musculocutaneous - branch from lateral cord
lateral root of the median nerve - branch off of the lateral cord
Ulnar Nerve - branch off of the medial cord
Medial root of the Median Nerve - branch off of the medial cord
Median Nerve - formed by medial and lateral roots from the medial and lateral cords
Radial Nerve - Branch from the posterior cord
Axillary Nerve - Branch from the posterior cord |
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Term
| Areas of Responsibility for the Terminal Branches of the Brachial Plexus |
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Definition
Musculocutaneous Nerve - Anterior brachium
Median Nerve - Anterior Antebrachium and thumb
Ulnar Nerve - Hand
Radial Nerve - Posterior brachium and posterior antebrachium
Axillary Nerve - Shoulder |
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Term
| Paralysis, Paresis, Anasthesia, and Paresthesia |
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Definition
Paralysis - Loss of muscle function of one or more muscles
Paresis - Partial loss of voluntary movement
Anasthesia - loss of sensation
Parasthesia - limb falling asleep |
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Term
| Collateral Circulation and Anastomosis |
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Definition
| Vessels flow around joints to avoid folding and pinching off of vessels. Meesting of Collateral vessels called anastomosis |
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Term
| Origins of Blood Flow to the Arm |
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Definition
Artery - Brachiocephalic Trunk (only on right side) --> Subclavian Artery
Vein - Subclavian Vein --> Superior Vena Cava |
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Term
| Major Divisions of Arterial Flow through the Arm |
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Definition
| Subclavian Artery --> Axillary Artery (past first rib) --> Brachial Artery (past teres major) --> branches into radial and ulnar arteries --> meet to become superficial and deep palmar arches (radial dominates deep and ulnar dominates superficial) |
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Term
| Arterial Branches of the Arm |
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Definition
Thoracoacromial Artery - first branch from axillary artery, travels up and to pectoralis muscles
Subscapular artery - second branch off of axillary artery, travels downwards
Deep Brachial Artery - Branch off of the brachial artery which dives deep with the radial nerve |
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Term
| Differences Between Deep and Superficial Veins |
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Definition
Deep Veins - run deep and have corresponding artery
Superficial Veins - Run superficially and do not have corresponding arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| Paired veins that run alongside their accompanying artery |
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Term
| Superficial Veins of the Upper Limb |
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Definition
Basilic Vein - Runs along the medial side of the brachium
Cephalic Vein - Runs up the lateral side of the arm
Median Cubital Vein - Communicating Artery between the Basilic and Cephalic veins that runs across the elbow |
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Term
| Clinical Significance of the Median Cubital Vein |
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Definition
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Term
| Articulations of the Elbow Joint |
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Definition
Ulna and Humerus - olecrenon process with olecrenon fossa
Radius and Humerus
Radius and Ulna |
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Term
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Definition
Ulna and humerus - trochlea and trochlear notch
radius and humerus - capitulum and head of radius |
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Term
| Collateral Ligaments of the Elbow |
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Definition
| Radial and Ulnar Sides, limit elbow abduction and adduction |
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Term
| Distal and Proximal Radioulnar Joints |
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Definition
Allows for pronation and supination
Proximal - radius rotates in radial notch of the ulna
Distal - radius rotates around the ulna, which sits in the ulnar notch of the radius
Radius and ulna held together by the interosseous membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Ligament around the head of the radius which allows it to spin |
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Term
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Definition
Supination - anatomical position, radius and ulna run parallel
Pronation - hands facing down, radius and ulna cross
Joints involved - distal and proximal radioulnar joints |
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Term
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Definition
Anterior - Brachialis, Biceps Brachii (long and short heads), Coracobrachialis (flexion of elbow, inn: musculocutaneous nerve)
Posterior Compartment - Triceps Brachii (long, lateral, and medial heads)(extend the elbow and inn: radial nerve) |
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Term
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Definition
A: Coracoid process (short head) and supraglenoid tubercle (long head)
B: Radial Tuberosity
inn: musculocutaneous nerve
action: flexes forearm, supinates hand |
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Term
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Definition
A: Distal humerus
B: ulnar tuberosity
inn: musculocutaneous nerve
action: primary forearm flexor |
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Term
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Definition
A: coracoid process of the scapula
B: middle humerus
inn: musculocutaneous nerve
action: flexes and adduct arm |
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Term
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Definition
A: Humerus (lateral and medial heads) and scapula (long head)
B: Olecranon Process
inn: Radial Nerve
action: extends forearm, some extension and adduction of the forearm |
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Term
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Definition
| Radiocarpal Joint; biaxial - flexion, extension, radial flexion, and ulnar flexion; Radius articulates with the scaphoid and lunate |
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Term
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Definition
| Gliding Joints; Single joint cavity; Retinacula (deep fascia) tie the carpals together (extensor and flexor); Proximal and deep (distal) retinacula; provides attachment point for hand intrinsics |
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Term
| Carpometacarpal Joints (digits 2-5) |
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Definition
| Gliding joints between carpals and meatcarpals |
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Term
| Carpometacarpal Joints (digit 1) |
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Definition
| Multiaxial; metacarpal can rotate; allows for thumb opposition |
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Term
| Metacarpophalangeal Joints |
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Definition
digits 2-5 - biaxial joints between metacarpals and proximal phalanges
digit 1 - hinge joint between metacarpal and proximal phalanx |
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Term
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Definition
Hinge Joints
digits 2-5 - 2 IP Joints
digit 1 - 1 IP Joint |
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Term
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Definition
Thumb is set 90 degrees different than other fingers, making movements different
flexion/ extension - in plane of hand, make L or cross thumb over
Abduction/ adduction - bring thumb out of or back into plane of hand
Opposition/ reposition - movements together, bring little finger and thumb together or apart |
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Term
| Muscles that act on the Forearm |
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Definition
| Brachioradialis, Pronator Teres, Pronator Quadratus, Supinator |
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Term
| Muscles that act on the Wrist |
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Definition
| Flexor Carpi Radialis, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, Palmaris Longus, Extensor Carpis Radialis Longus, Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis, Extensor Carpi Ulnaris |
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Term
| Muscles that act on Digits 2-5 |
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Definition
| Flexor Digitorum Profundus, lexor Digitorum Superficialis, Extensor Digitorum, Extensor Indicis, Extensor Digiti Minimi |
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Term
| Muscles that act on the Thumb (of the forearm) |
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Definition
| Flexor Pollicis Longus, Extensor Pollicis Brevis, Extensor Pollicis Longus |
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Term
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Definition
| Expansion of the tendons of Extensor Digitorum, drapes over the proximal phalanx, then spreads into three seperate tendons, the lateral two attaching to the distal phalanx and the the middle attaching to the intermediate phalanx |
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Term
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Definition
Muscles of the forearm have dual actions, which can cancel out to produce pure wrist motion
Example: Extensor carpi ulnaris functions to extend the wrist and ulnar flexion, flexor carpi ulnaris functions to flex the wrist and ulnar flexion. When used in unison the flexion and extension cancel out and produce pure ulanr flexion |
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Term
| Radial and Ulnar Deviation |
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Definition
Radial Deviation -> Radial Flexion -> Abduction of the Wrist
Ulnar Deviation -> Ulnar Flexion -> Abduction of the Wrist |
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Term
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Definition
A: Medial Epicondyle of the Humerus
B: Midlateral radius
inn: Median Nerve
action: pronation; flexion of forearm |
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Term
| Flexor Carpi Radialis Muscle |
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Definition
A: Medial Epicondyle of Humerus
B: metacarpals
inn: Median Nerve
action: Flexes and abducts the wrist |
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Term
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Definition
A: Medial Epicondyle of the Humerus
B: Palmar Aponeurosis
inn: median nerve
action: flexes wrist, tenses palmar aponeurosis |
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Term
| Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle |
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Definition
A: Medial Epicondyle of the humerus
B: Carpals (pisiform)
inn: Ulnar Nerve
action: flexes and adducts the wrist |
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Term
| Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Muscle |
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Definition
A: Medial Epicondyle of humerus, proximal radius and ulna
B: Middle phalanx of digits 2-5
inn: median nerve
actionflexes proximal IP and MP joints |
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Term
| Flexor Pollicis Longus Muscle |
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Definition
A: Midanterior radius
B: Distal phalanx of digit 1
inn: median nerve
action: Flexes IP, MP, CM joints of the thumb |
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Term
| Flexor Digitorum Profundus Muscle |
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Definition
A: Proximal Anterior Ulna
B: Distal Phalanx of digits 2-5
inn: 1/2 Median, 1/2 Ulnar Nerves
Action: Flexes all IP and MP joints |
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Term
| Pronator Quadratus Muscle |
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Definition
A: distal ulna
B: distal anterior radius
inn: median nerve
action: pronates forearm |
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Term
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Definition
A: Lateral supracondylar ridge of the Humerus
B: styloid process of the radius
inn: Radial Nerve
action: flexes forearm; some supination |
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Term
| Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle |
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Definition
A: Lateral Epicondyle of the Humerus
B: 5th Metacarpal
inn: Radial Nerve
action: Extends and adducts the wrist |
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Term
|
Definition
A: Mid posterior ulna
B: Joins Extensor Digitorum tendon to digit 2
inn: radial nerve
action: Extends digit 2 IP and MP joints |
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Term
|
Definition
A: Lateral epicondyle of the Humerus and Ulna
B: Proximal lateral radius
inn: radial nerve
action: supination |
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Term
| Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Muscle |
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Definition
A: Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus
B: 2nd Metacarpal
inn: radial nerve
action: extends and abducts wrist |
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Term
| Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Muscle |
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Definition
A: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
B: 3rd metacarpal
inn: radial nerve
action: extends and abducts wrist |
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Term
| Extensor Digitorum Muscle |
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Definition
A: Lateral Epicondyle of the humerus
B: Middle and distal phalanges of digits 2-5
inn: radial nerve
action: extends MP and IP joints of digits 2-5 |
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Term
| Extensor Digiti Minimi Muscle |
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Definition
A: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
B: Joins Extensor Digitorum tendon to digit 5
inn: radial nerve
action: extends IP and MP joints of digit 5 |
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Term
| Abductor Pollicis Longus Muscle |
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Definition
A: Proximal posterior radius and ulna
B: 1st metacarpal
inn: radial nerve
action: Abducts and extends digit 1 at CM Joint |
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Term
| Extensor Pollicis Brevis Muscle |
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Definition
A: Mid posterior radius
B: proximal phalanx of digit 1
inn: radial nerve
action: extends digit 1 at MP and CM Joints |
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Term
| Extensor Pollicis Longus Muscle |
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Definition
A: Mid posterior ulna
B: distal phalanx 1
inn: radial nerve
action: extends digit 1 at IP, MP, and CM joints |
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Term
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Definition
| Intrinsic Muscles of the hand that operate on the thumb; Abductor Pollicis Brevis, Adductor Pollicis, Flexor Pollicis Brevis, and Opponens Pollicis |
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Term
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Definition
| Intrinsic muscles of the hand that operate on the fifth digit; Abductor Digiti Minimi, Flexor Digiti Minimi, Opponens Digiti Minimi |
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Term
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Definition
| Intrinsic muscles located between the metacarpals of the hand. Dorsal interossei abduct the digits and palmar adduct the digits; 4 dorsal and 3 palmar |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscles of the hand that originate from the flexor digitorum profundus and insert on the lateral aspect of the extensor expansion |
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Term
| Abductor Pollicis Brevis Muscle |
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Definition
A: Flexor retinaculum
B: proximal phalanx of digit 1
inn: median nerve
action: abducts thumb |
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Term
| Flexor Pollicis Brevis Muscle |
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Definition
A: Flexor Retinaculum
B: Proximal phalanx of digit 1
inn: median nerve
action flexes thumb |
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Term
|
Definition
A: Metacarpals of digits 2 and 3
B: proximal phalanx of digit 1
inn: ulnar nerve
action: adducts thumb, aids in opposition |
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Term
|
Definition
A: Flexor retinaculum
B: Metacarpal of digit 1
inn: median nerve
action: opposes thumb |
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Term
| Abductor Digiti Minimi Muscle |
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Definition
A: Pisiform
B: Proximal phalanx of digit 5
inn: ulnar nerve
action: abducts digit 5 |
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Term
| Flexor Digiti Minimi Muscle |
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Definition
A: Flexor retinaculum
B: proximal phalanx of digit 5
inn: ulnar nerve
action: flexes digit 5 |
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Term
| Opponens Digiti Minimi Muscle |
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Definition
A: flexor retinaculum
B: 5th metacarpal
inn: ulnar nerve
action opposes 5th finger to thumb |
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Term
| Dorsal Interossei Muscles |
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Definition
A: Adjacent Metacarpal Bones
B: Extensor expansion of digits (in such a way that contraction would cause abduction)
inn: ulnar nerve
action: Abducts digits |
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Term
| Palmar Interossei Muscles |
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Definition
A: Metacarpals 2,4, and 5
B: Extensor expansion (in such a way that would cause adduction of digits)
inn: ulnar nerve
action adducts fingers |
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Term
| Lumbricle Muscles (origins, insertions, inn, and action) |
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Definition
A: Flexor Digitorum Profundus
B: Lateral side of digits 2-5
inn: 1/2 median nerve, 1/2 ulnar nerve
action: adduct digits 4 and 5, abduct digits 2 and 3 |
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Term
| True Function of the Lumbricles and the Interossei Muscles |
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Definition
| Balance the forces exterted by Extensor Digitorum and Flexor Digitorum Profundus |
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