SKIN

The largest orgn system in the body

Epidermis:  outermost portion of skin
Stratum Corneum - outermost layer

Stratum Lucidum - Clear layer (palms hands/soles feet)

Stratum Granulosum 

Stratum Spinosum 

Stratum Basale (Stratum Germinativum)- deepest of 5 layers

Dermis: under the epidermis, performs most of the skin's functions

Stratum Papillare

Stratum Reticulare

Subcutaneous Layer: primarily fat cells that smooth skin and act as cushion. NOT a layer of skin, just below it!

Line the interior walls of the organs and tubes that open to the outside of the body. (digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive)

Line cavities, including the thoracic cavity and internal organs. The lungs are covered by the pleura; the heart is covered by pericardium; the peritonium lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs within.

Line the joint cavities and are composed of connective tissue. They secrete synovial fluid into the joint cavity so that bones can move freely.

Are composed of three connective tissue membranes found within the dorsal cavity and serve as a protective covering of the brain and spinal cord.

a.k.a., the skin

The protein keratin stiffens epidermal tissue to form fingernails. nails grow from a thin area called the nail matrix at an average rate of 1 mm per week

root (germinal maxtrix)

nail bed (sterile matrix)

nail plate (fingernail)

cuticle (eponychium)

perionychium (paronychial) 

hyponychium - free edge of the nail

Skull

Hyoid and cervical spine (neck)

Ribs

Sternum

Vertebrae

Sacrum

Shoulder Girdle

Pelvic Girdle

Extremities

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

A = Artery = away

Caratoid -neck

Subclavian - shoulder/arms

Femorial - legs

Arch of aorta - heart

Most veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Sinus - head

jugular - neck

Superior vena cava - heart

Iliac - abdomen

Saphenous - legs

Inferior vena cava - midline, liver area

Tiny vessels, usually a single cell layer thick. They facilitate the exchange of fluids, oxygen, nutrients, and waste between local tissues and the blood stream

Because the left side of the heart is responsible for pumping the blood throughout the entire body, the muscle surrounding the left ventricle is stronger and larger than that of the right ventricle

Epicardium - outer layer of the heart

Myocardium - main muscle of the heart 

Endocardium - inner lining of the heart

* The heart is enclosed in a double-wall lining called the pericardial sac, which prevents the heart from rubbing against other organs or body structures

This system collects excess fluid from the inerstitual spaces and returns it to the heart.

Tonsils - throat, initial line of defense

Thymus - located in mediastinum, production T cells

Spleen- upper left quandrant of abdomen, many functions

Peyer's Patches - Wall of small intestine, prevent bacteria from infecting, penetrating walls of the intestine

Respiratory System

Nose/Nasal Cavity - beginning of system, air enters nostrals.
 

Larynx (voice box) connects the Pharynx with the Trachea.

The Epiglottis covers the larynx to protect the trachea from inhaled food or liquid.

The hyoid bone provides attachment for entire mouth.

The trachea (windpipe) connects the nose/mouth with to the lungs.

The lungs are divided into lobes

The right lung has three lobes

The left lung has two lobes.

External: testes, epididymis, scrotum, penis

Internal: prostate gland, seminal vesicle, Cowper's glands

Tubes/ducts: vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

External: vulva, labia majoria, labia minora, clitoris, external opening  of the vagina (introitus), opening of the urethra (urinary meatus), Skene's glands (either side of the introitus)

Internal: bagina, uterus, two fallopian tubes, two ovaries

Complex structure situated in the bony orbit or socket formed by 7 bones: frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, lacrimal, malar bone, ethmoid, and palatine bones

Eyeball - 3 layers: retina (inner layer), choroid (middle), and sclera (outermost)

The ear has 3 distinct and seperate divisions:

Outer ear (pinna/external ear)

Middle ear (tympanic membrane)

Inner ear (labyrinth)

Middle Ear: mallus, incus, stapes

Long Bones - femur, tibia, and fibula in legs; humerus, radius, and ulna in arms.
 

Short Bones- wrists and ankles

Flat Bones- shoulder blades, pelvic bones, ribs
 

Sesamoid Bones- patella (kneecap)
 

Irregular Bones- ex: vertebrae or mandible (jaw bone)

Striated (skeletal) -voluntary 

Smooth (visceral) - involuntary

Cardiac - involuntary

Ligaments - attach bones to other bones

Tendons - attach muscle to bones

Cartiliage - acts as cushion between bones in a joint

Hyoid Bone-Layrnx-Trachea-2 lungs

Mediastinum space containing heart, aorta, esphagus, trachea, and thymus gland

Diaphragm is a muscle that divides the thoracic (chest) cavity from the abdomianl cavity. Inhalation occurs when the diaphragm contracts.

Pertains to the production of blood

Primary structures: spleen and bone marrow

Erect, facing forward, arms rotated outward palms forwardmhands open w/ thumbs pointed outward, feet together

Lying down on the back with face up

Patient is lying at an angle neither prone or supine

ex: right anterior oblique (RAO)

21 ft in length avg 1 inch diameter
 

Divided 3 parts:
 

duodendum: shortest part, 10 inches: originates at the
                   pyloric sphincter and joins the jejunum.

jejunum:      8 ft long, extends to the ileum

ileum:         12 ft long, joins the large intestine at the
                   ilecocecal valve

5 ft length, averages 2.5 inch diameter; attached to the posterior wall of the abdomen by extensions of its visceral peritoneum known as the mesocolon.

Divided into 4 regions: from ileocecal valve -

1. Cecum: blind pouch (one end closed),2-3 inch long hangs below the  ileocecal valve. Open end merges with long tube called colon.

2. Colon: the largest part, tube of consecutive pouches called haustrae. First part is ascending colon, second part transeverse colon, then the descending colon, finally the sigmoid colon which joins the rectum

3. Rectum: 7-8 inches of gastrointestional tract. Final/Terminal 1 inch of retum is called the anal canal.

4. Anal Canal: Final 1 inch of rectum, opening called anus

An enlargement of the gastrointestional tract. It lies in the upper part of the addominal cavity just under the diagphram muscle. Shape of the letter J.

Divided 4 parts:

1 Cardia

2 Fundus

3 Body

4 Pylorus/Antrum