Term
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Definition
| Specialized connective tissue consisting of a fluid part. called plasma, and the formed blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The formed cells of blood include the Red Blood Cells (RBC) or erythrocytes, the White Blood Cells (WBC) or leukocytes, and the platelets or thrombocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
- Transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body.
- Transports carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs for excretion.
- Transports nutrients, ions, and water from the digestive tract to cells.
- Transports waste products from cells to kidneys or sweat glands.
- Transports hormones to target organs and enzymes to body cells.
- Regulates body pH through its buffers and amino acids in its plasma.
- Helps regulate normal body temperature and the water content of cells.
- Helps prevent fluid loss through the clotting mechanism.
- Protects against foreign microbes and toxins through its combat cells or leukocytes.
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Term
The Classification of Blood Cells and the Composition of Plasma |
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Definition
Blood is composed of the following elements:
A. red blood cells (erythrocytes)
B. white blood cells (leukocytes), which are subdivided into:
1. Granular leukocytes (3 types)
a. Neutrophils
b. Eosinophils
c. Basophils
2. Agranular or nongranular leukocytes (2 types)
a. Monocytes
b. Lymphocytes
C. Thrombocytes or platlets. |
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Term
The Classification of Blood Cells and the Composition of Plasma
(continued) |
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Definition
Plasma is the fluid component of blood; 91% is water.
7 % of plasma are the proteins: albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen.
2 % of plasma are solutes: ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, enzymes, and hormones. |
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Term
The Formation of Blood Cells:
Hematopoiesis |
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Definition
Hematopoiesis occurs in red bone marrow or myeloid tissue where all blood cells are produced.
Lymphocytes and monocytes are also produced by lympth nodes, the spleen, and the tonsils.
Blood cells develop from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells called stem cells or hematocytoblasts. |
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Term
Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions: Leukocytes |
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Definition
| Have nuclei and do not have hemoglobin. The two categories of (xxx) are the granular (xxx) and the agranular or nongranular (xxx). They leave the blood and move into body tissues where they combat infection and inflammation. |
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Term
Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions: Neutropils |
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Definition
The most common granular leukocytes. They respond to tissue destruction from bacteria by phagocytizing foreign substances and destroying bacteria via their enzyme lysozyme.
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Term
Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions: Erythrocytes |
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Definition
| Appear as biconcave disks without a nucleus. They consist of a protein network or stroma and the red pigment hemoglobin. |
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Term
Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions: Hemoglobin
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Definition
| Made of the pigment heme, which has four iron atoms that combine with oxygen gas in the lungs, and the protein globin, which combines with carbon dioxide in tissues. |
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Term
Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions: Monocytes |
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Definition
| Nongranular leukocytes that phagocytize bacteria and cellular debris. In tissues, they are called macrophages because they are fairly large, about 18 μm wide. |
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Term
Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions: Eosinophils |
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Definition
| Granular leukocytes that combat irritants that cause allergies and parasitic worms. They produce antihistamines. |
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Term
Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions: Basophils |
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Definition
| Granular leukocytes that are also involved in allergic reactions. They produce heparin, histamine, and serotonin. |
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Term
Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions: Lymphocytes |
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Definition
| Nongranular leukocytes that produce antibodies and are involved in the immune system response. Two common lymphocytes are T lymphocytes are and the B lymphocytes. |
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Term
Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions: Thrombocytes or Platlets |
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Definition
| Very small disk-shaped, cellular fragments with a nucleus. They cause the clotting mechanism. |
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Term
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Definition
A ruptured blood vessel attracts thrombocytes to the site of injury.
The damaged tissues release thromboplastin.
Thromboplastin, with the assistance of calcium ions, proteins, and phospholipids, causes the production of prothrombin activator.
Prothrombin activator with the assistance of calcium ions, causes prothrombin, a plasma protein, to be converted into thrombin. |
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Term
The Clotting Mechanism
(continued) |
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Definition
Thrombin causes soluble fibrinogen, another plasma protein, to be converted into unsoluble fibrin.
Fibrin forms the threads of the clot, which enmesh the blood cells and platelets seeping from the wound.
Tightening of the clot (clot retraction) or syneresis occurs and hemorrhaging ceases.
After tissues are repaired, dissolution of the clot or fibrinolysis occurs. |
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Term
The clotting process: Thrombosis |
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Definition
| Unwanted clotting, caused by masses of colesterol known as plaque, in an unbroken blood vessel is known as a (xxx), the clot is called a thrombus. |
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Term
The clotting process: Embolus |
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Definition
| A piece of blood clot, transported by the blood stream, can get lodged in a vessel and block off circulation. It is called a (xxx) and the condition is called an embolism. |
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Term
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Definition
The different types of human blood groups must be matched in a blood transfusion to prevent agglutination of RBCs (red blood vessels)
Agglutination is cause by a reaction between protein antibodies in the blood plasma and surface antigens on the red blood cell membrane.
Agglutination of RBCs will cause headaches, breathing difficulties, pain, and jaundice. Kidneys may fail. |
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Term
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Definition
Type A blood individuals have antibody anti-B in their blood plasma. Type B blood individuals have antibody anti-A. Type AB blood individuals have no antibodies. Type O blood individuals have antibody anti-A and anti-B.
Type AB individuals are known as universal recipients because they can receive any blood type ina transfusion.
Type O individuals are known as universal donars because they have no antigens and their blood can be tranfused into any blood group. |
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Term
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Definition
* This blood group was named after the Rhesus monkey in which one of the
eight Rh antigens was discovered.
*The most important Rh antigen is antigen D. People with this antigen are Rh
positive; those without it are Rh negative.
*Most Americans are Rh positive.
*Anti-Rh antibodies develop only after exposure to Rh-positive blood in an
Rh-negative individual. Therefore, second transfusions can cause
agglutination.
*Rh-negatiive mothers carrying Rh-positive baby can be treated with a drug called RhoGAM to protect the developing fetus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The heart, blood, and the blood vessels of the body constitute the (xxx). |
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Term
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Definition
| The pumping organ of the cardiovascular system. |
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Term
Function of the cardiovascular system |
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Definition
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Term
The Anatomy of the Heart: Heart |
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Definition
| The (xxx) is situated in the mediastinum surrounded by the pericardial sac. |
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Term
The Anatomy of the Heart: Pericardial Sac |
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Definition
Composed of two layers.
The outer layer is the fibrous pericardium, made of tough fibrous connective tissue. It anchors the heart in the mediastinum and prevents overdistention of the heart.
The inner layer is the serous pericardium. It is thin and delicate and is also called the parietal layer. |
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Term
The layers of the Heart Wall: Epicardium (visceral pericardium) |
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Definition
The outermost layer of the heart wall.
It consists of serous tissue and mesothelium. |
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Term
The layers of the Heart Wall: Pericardial Cavity |
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Definition
| A space that seperates the epicardium of the heart from the serous pericardium of the pericardial sac. |
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Term
The layers of the Heart Wall: Myocardium |
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Definition
| The second layer of the heart. This makes up the bulk of the heart and consists of cardiac muscle tissue. |
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Term
The layers of the Heart Wall: Endocardium |
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Definition
| The innermost layer of the heart. It is the endothelial lining of the heart. |
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Term
The Chambers of the Heart |
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Definition
The heart is divided into four chambers: two upper and two lower.
The upper chambers are the right atrium and the left atrium seperated internally by an intertrial septum.
Each atrium has an external appendage called an auricle, whose rough appearance is caused by the musculi pectinati.
The lower chambers are the right ventricle and the left ventricle, which are seperated internally from one another by the interventricular septum. |
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Term
The Great Vessels of the Heart:
Superior or Anterior Vena Cava |
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Definition
| Receives blood from the upper parts of the body. |
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Term
The Great Vessels of the Heart:
Inferior or Posterior Vena Cava |
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Definition
| Receives blood from the lower parts of the body. |
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Term
The Great Vessels of the Heart:
Coronary Sinus |
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Definition
| Drains blood from the heart. |
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Term
The Great Vessels of the Heart:
Pulmonary Trunk
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Definition
| Splits into the right and left pulmonary arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs. |
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Term
The Great Vessels of the Heart:
Four Pulmonary Veins
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Definition
| Return oxygenated blood to the heart. |
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Term
The Great Vessels of the Heart:
Ascending Aorta
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Definition
| Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. It is divided into the arch of the aorta, the descending thoracic aorta, and the abdominal aorta. |
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Term
The Great Vessels of the Heart:
Walls
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Definition
| Atrial walls are thin, while ventricle walls are thick. Of the two ventricles, the left ventricle has the thickest walls of cardiac muscle because of the great distance it must transport blood. |
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Term
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Definition
Valves prevent blood from backflowing. The heart has two atrioventricular valves and two semilunar valves.
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Term
The Valves of the heart: Tricuspid Valve |
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Definition
| The (xxx xxx) is found between the right atrium and the right ventricle. It is made of three cusps or flaps. |
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Term
The Valves of the heart: Bicuspid or Mitral Valve
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Definition
| Found between the left atrium and the left ventricle. It ismade of two cusps or flaps. |
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Term
The Conduction System of the Heart |
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Definition
The conduction system of the heart generates and distributes electrical impulses over the heart, which causes contraction of the heart.
The sinoatrial (SA) node, also known as the pacemaker, initiates each cardiac cycle, and is found in the superior wall of the right atrium. It spreads electrical impulses over both atria, causing them to contract simultaneously while depolarizing the AV node. |
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Term
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Definition
In a cardiac cycle, the 2 atria contract simultaneously while the 2 ventricles relax, and the 2 ventricles contract simultaneously while the 2 atria relax.
The phase of contraction is called systole and the phase of relaxation is called diastole.
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Term
The Cardiac Cycle
(continued) |
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Definition
| An average cardiac cycle takes 0.8 second: during the first 0.1 second, the atria contract and the ventricles relax and the atrioventricular valves are open and the semilunars are closed; for the next 0.3 second, the atria relax while the ventricles contract and all valves are closed at first then the semilunars open; the last 0.4 second is the relaxation/quiescent period, during the first part of which all valves are closed and then the atrioventricular valves open to start blood draining into the ventricles. |
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Term
Some Major Blood Circulatory Routes: Systemic Circulation |
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Definition
(xxx xx) includes all the oxygenated blood that leaves the left ventricle through the aortic semilunar valve to the aorta and all the deoxygenated blood that returns to the right atrium via the superior and inferior venae cavae.
(xxx xx) has many subdivisions, Two are the coronary circulation that goes to the heart and the hepatic protal circulation that travels between the intestine and the liver. |
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Term
Some Major Blood Circulatory Routes: Pulmonary Circulation
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Definition
| Includes the deoxygenated blood that leaves the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary trunk, which branches and goes to the lungs. In the lungs, carbon dioxide gas is released and oxygen gas is picked up to return to the left atrium via the four pulmonary veins. |
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Term
Some Major Blood Circulatory Routes: Cerebral Circulation |
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Definition
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Term
Some Major Blood Circulatory Routes: Fetal Circulation |
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Definition
| Exists only between the developing fetus and its mother. |
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Term
Anatomy of Blood Vessels: Arteries and Veins |
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Definition
| Have walls made of three layers: the innermost, tunica intima, made of a single layer of endothelial cells; the middle, tunica media, made of smooth muscle; and the outer, tunica adventitia, made of white fibrous connective tissue. |
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Term
Anatomy of Blood Vessels: Cavity of Blood
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Definition
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Term
Anatomy of Blood Vessels: Arteries vs Veins |
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Definition
Arteries are thicker and stronger than veins. They are elastic and can contract.
Veins have less elastic and smooth muscle than arteries but have more fibrous connective tissue. They also have internal valves to ensure blood flow in one direction.
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Term
Anatomy of Blood Vessels: Arterioles |
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Definition
| Small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries. |
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Term
Anatomy of Blood Vessels: Capillaries |
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Definition
| Microscopic vessels made of a single layer of endothelial cells with their basement membrane. They connect arterioles with venules and because of their structure, allow the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissue cells. |
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Term
Anatomy of Blood Vessels: Venules |
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Definition
| Small vessels that connect capillaries to veins. |
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Term
Anatomy of Blood Vessels: Venous Sinuses
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Definition
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Term
Major Arteries and Veins of the Body: Aorta |
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Definition
| The largest artery of the body. It has numerous branches named either according to the region of the body or organ it goes to or according to the bone its branch may follow. |
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Term
Major Arteries and Veins of the Body |
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Definition
Most of the arteries of the body are in deep and protected areas of the body.
Veins are found closer to the surface of the body, and many can be seen superficially. Many of their names are identical to the arteries.
The veins of the body converge with either the superior or inferior vena cava, the two largest veins of the body, which empty into the right atrium of the heart. |
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