Term
| What are four examples of connective tissues? |
|
Definition
Tendons (and tendon sheaths)
Ligaments
Retinacula
Bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dense fibrous connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of tendons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What feature of tendons allow for it to carry out it's function? |
|
Definition
| Thay have high tensile strength |
|
|
Term
| What are tendons made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of ligaments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What feature of ligaments allow them to carry out their function? |
|
Definition
| Highly adapted for resisting strain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fibrous bands similar to tendons and ligaments |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main functions of retinacula? |
|
Definition
-Holding the tendons in place, particularly on hands and feet
-Maintaining alignment of tendon to bone and allow tendon to change direction |
|
|
Term
| What feature allows retinacula to help tendons move smoothly? |
|
Definition
| They are surrounded by fluid, which reduces friction |
|
|
Term
| What causes carpal tunnel syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the flexor retinaculum |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main functions of skeletal muscles? |
|
Definition
-Force production for locomotion and breathing
-Force production for postural support
-Heat production during cold stress |
|
|
Term
| What is the 'fleshy' muscle belly made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two main functions of the fibrous connective tissue of a muscle? |
|
Definition
-Encases muscle fibres and muscle belly
-Attaches muscle belly to bone via tendons at one or both ends |
|
|
Term
| Do muscles work alone or in groups? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do muscles always work in pairs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of more than two muscles working together? |
|
Definition
| Provides better stabalisation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The 'prime mover' - the muscle most involved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The muscle opposite the agonist on a joint that has the opposite concentric action |
|
|
Term
| What are stabilisers (or fixators)? |
|
Definition
| Muscles that surround the joint or body part and stabilises it to allow enable another limb to exert force and move |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscles that assist in refined movements and rule out undesired movements |
|
|
Term
| What muscle/s allow for elevation of the shoulder girdle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle/s allow for depression of the shoulder girdle? |
|
Definition
Trapezius (lower fibres
Pectoralis |
|
|
Term
| What muscle/s allow for protraction at the shoulder girdle? |
|
Definition
Serratus anterior
Pectoralis minor |
|
|
Term
| What muscle/s allow for retraction at the shoulder girdle? |
|
Definition
| Rhomboids and levator scapulae |
|
|
Term
| What muscle/s allow for rotation at the shoulder girdle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle/s allow for flexion of the shoulder (glenhumeral) joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle/s allow for extension of the shoulder (glenhumeral) joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle/s allow for abduction of the shoulder (glenhumeral) joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle/s allow for adduction of the shoulder (glenhumeral) joint? |
|
Definition
Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi |
|
|
Term
| What muscle/s allow for medial rotation of the shoulder (glenhumeral) joint? |
|
Definition
Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi
Subscapularis major
Teres major
Deltoid |
|
|
Term
| What muscle/s allow for lateral rotation of the shoulder (glenhumeral) joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle/s allow for circumduction of the shoulder (glenhumeral) joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is flexion of the shoulder joint produced by? |
|
Definition
| Muscles that pass down across the anterior aspect of the joint |
|
|
Term
| What muscles produce flexion of the shoulder joint? |
|
Definition
| the clavicular head of pectoralis major and anterior fibres of the deltoid |
|
|
Term
| What action does flexion of the shoulder joint cause? |
|
Definition
| Movement of the arm forward |
|
|
Term
| What is extension of the shoulder joint produced by? |
|
Definition
| Muscles that pass up across posterior aspect of joint |
|
|
Term
| What muscles produce the extension of the shoulder joint? |
|
Definition
| Latissimus dorsi (inserts into the upper end of humerus) |
|
|
Term
| What movement does extension of the shoulder joint cause? |
|
Definition
| Movement of the arm backwards |
|
|
Term
| What is the abduction of the shoulder joint produced by? |
|
Definition
| Muscles which pass above the joint |
|
|
Term
| What muscles produce the abduction of the shoulder joint? |
|
Definition
Supraspinatus - essential for first 10 degrees
Deltoid - gives power to movement |
|
|
Term
| What is the adduction of the shoulder joint produced by? |
|
Definition
| Muscles from the front or back of trunk |
|
|
Term
| Which muscles produce adduction of the shoulder joint |
|
Definition
-Pectoralis major (from anterior chest wall and clavicle)
-Latissimus dorsi (from posterior trunk wall) |
|
|
Term
| What is lateral rotation of the shoulder joint produced by? |
|
Definition
| Muscles acting posterior to the joint |
|
|
Term
| Which muscles produce lateral rotation of the shoulder joint? |
|
Definition
Infraspinatus
Deltoid - prosterior fibres |
|
|
Term
| What is the medial rotation of the shoulder joint produced by? |
|
Definition
| Muscles acting anterior to the joint |
|
|
Term
| Which muscles produce medial rotation of the shoulder joint? |
|
Definition
Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi
Subscapularis and teres major
Deltoid (clavicular head) |
|
|
Term
| Where do the flexor muscles for moving the elbow attach? |
|
Definition
| Shoulder girdle or humerus |
|
|
Term
| Where do the flexor muscles for moving the elbow go? |
|
Definition
| Cross anterior to the elbow joint |
|
|
Term
| Where do the flexor muscles for moving the elbow end? |
|
Definition
| They insert into the bones of the forearm |
|
|
Term
| What are the flexor muscles for moving the elbow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the extensor muscles for moving the elbow go? |
|
Definition
| Cross posterior to the elbow joint |
|
|
Term
| What are the extensor muscles for moving the elbow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle/s allow for flexion at the hip joint? |
|
Definition
Psoas major
Iliacus
Pectineus
Rectus femoris |
|
|
Term
| What muscle/s allow for extension at the hip joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle/s allow for abduction at the hip joint? |
|
Definition
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor faciae latae |
|
|
Term
| What muscle/s allow for adduction at the hip joint? |
|
Definition
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Gracilis
Adductor magnus |
|
|
Term
| What muscle/s allow for medial rotation at the hip joint? |
|
Definition
Adductor longus
Tensor fasciae latae
Gluteus medius (anterior fibres) |
|
|
Term
| What muscle/s allow for lateral rotation at the hip joint? |
|
Definition
Gluteus maximus
Piriformis
Obturator internus
Quadratus fermoris |
|
|
Term
| What muscle/s allow for flexion at the knee joint? |
|
Definition
Hamstring muscles
-semimembranosus
-semitendinosus
-biceps femoris |
|
|
Term
| What muscle/s allow for extension at the knee joint? |
|
Definition
Quadreceps
-rectus femoris
-vastus intermedius
-vastus medialis
-vastus lateralis |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between the two types of muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
Neurogenic is where nerve stimulation is required
Myogenic is where the muscles contract spontaneously |
|
|
Term
| What muscle type/s does neurogenic contraction occur in? |
|
Definition
Skeletal muscle
Mulit-unit smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| What muscle type/s does myogenic contraction occur in? |
|
Definition
Cardiac muscle
Single unit smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| What are the six main characteristics of skeletal muscle fibres |
|
Definition
-Striated
-Multinucleate
-Unbranched
-Many to a muscle
-Different types
-Each has a nerve connection |
|
|
Term
| What are the three muscle fibre types? |
|
Definition
Slow twitch
Fast twitch (oxidative)
Fast twitch (glycolytic) |
|
|
Term
| What are the features of slow twitch muscle fibres? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the function of slow twitch muscle fibres? |
|
Definition
Postural control
Repetitive, slow movements |
|
|
Term
| What are the features of fast twitch (oxidative) muscle fibres? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the function of fast twitch (oxidative) muscle fibres? |
|
Definition
| Repetitive, fast movements |
|
|
Term
| What are the features of fast twitch (glycolytic) muscle fibres? |
|
Definition
Anaerobic
High power output
Fatigue easily |
|
|
Term
| What are the function of fast twitch (glycolytic) muscle fibres? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the eight differences between red and white muscle? |
|
Definition
| Red- More mitochondria, more myoglobin, more capillaries, fewer contractile elements, aerobic respiration, less power, more efficient, slower to fatigue |
|
|
Term
What is the order that these features come in from largest to smallest?
-Myofibril, Protein filaments, Fasicle, Muscle body, Sarcolemma |
|
Definition
-Muscle body
-Fasicle
-Sarcolemma
-Myofibril
-Protein filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Threadlike strands within muscle fibres |
|
|
Term
| What are myofibrils composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is actin composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is actin thicker or thinner than myosin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are myofibrils surrounded by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Label this diagram (some labels are the same)
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five other main features of the myofibrils? |
|
Definition
Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Transverse (T) tubules
Terminal cisternae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connect to sarcolemma and penetrate into cell |
|
|
Term
| What are the terminal cisternae? |
|
Definition
| Enlarged area of sarcoplasmic reticulum around T tubule |
|
|
Term
| Why is the sarcolemma folded at the synapse? |
|
Definition
| To increase surface area for Acetylcholine receptors |
|
|
Term
| When an action potential fires in the motor neurone, an action potential will also fire in the muscle. Why is this? |
|
Definition
| The end plate potential is always above threashold |
|
|
Term
| An action potential travels down the T tubules and trigger which receptors? |
|
Definition
| Dihydrophyridine receptors |
|
|
Term
| Where are the dihydrophyridine receptors? |
|
Definition
| On Ca2+ channels on the sarcolemma |
|
|
Term
| What does an action potential cause? |
|
Definition
| A conformational change in the Ca2+ channels |
|
|
Term
| The conformational change in Ca2+ channels triggers which receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the ryanodine receptors? |
|
Definition
| On Ca2+ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| What does the conformational change cause? |
|
Definition
| A flood of Ca2+ ions into the sarcoplasm |
|
|
Term
| What does the flood of Ca2+ ions into the sarcoplasm cause? |
|
Definition
| The muscle fibres to contract |
|
|
Term
| Where on the protein filaments does calcium bind? |
|
Definition
| To the calcium binding sites on troponin |
|
|
Term
| What two things do the calcium binding on the troponin cause? |
|
Definition
The tropomyosin to be pulled from the myosin binding sites on the troponin
The myosin heads to bind to the troponin |
|
|
Term
| What is it called when the myosin head is bound to the troponin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the formation of a crossbridge cause? |
|
Definition
| The myosin arm to change shape - a powerstroke |
|
|
Term
| What does the powerstroke cause? |
|
Definition
| The actin to be pulled past the myosin |
|
|
Term
| What is caused when ADP is released from the myosin head and ATP binds instead? |
|
Definition
| The myosin head to detach from the troponin binding site |
|
|
Term
| What is caused when ATP bound in the myosin head releases a Pi molecule? |
|
Definition
| The myosin arm to change shape again - recocking |
|
|
Term
| Which bands get shorter when the muscle contracts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five main features of smooth muscles? |
|
Definition
-Not striated
-Generate force through thick and thin filaments
-Don't contain sarcomeres
-Filaments run at an angle
-Fires have one nuclei |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of filaments running at an angle? |
|
Definition
| The muscle can get contractions in different directions |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three main features of single unit smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
-All cells behave as one unit
-There are a lot of gap junctions interconnecting the cells
-Usually spontaneous active muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of the cell that bridges a gap to aid electrical and chemical communication between cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of having a lot of gap junctions interconnecting cells? |
|
Definition
| When one depolarizes, they all do |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main functions of multi unit smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
-The cells behave individually - each contracts and relaxes on its own
-Fewer gap junctions that other types of smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| What is the contraction of smooth muscle regulated by? |
|
Definition
| The autonomic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What sets the threshold for action potentials in smooth muscle cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in the way single unit and multi unit smooth muscle is triggered to contract? |
|
Definition
Single unit - Neurone triggers top layer of cells and electrical activity spreads to every cell via gap junctions
Multi unit - Neurone triggers all cells individually |
|
|
Term
| What is the main difference between the protein filaments in smooth muscle and skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
| Smooth muscle have calmodulin instead of tropomyosin in actin filaments |
|
|
Term
| What is the series of events in smooth muscle contraction?[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four main features of cardiac muscle fibres? |
|
Definition
-Contract involuntarily
-Mononucleate
-Striated
-Branched |
|
|
Term
| Where do the action potentials for cardiac cells originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of adhering junctions between cardiac muscle fibres? |
|
Definition
Aherens junctions
-one anchoring actin within sarcomeres
-one provides structural support during contractions by binding intermediate filaments together
Gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| What do three adhering junctions form when they are together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an intercalated disk? |
|
Definition
| A structure unique to cardiac muscles and supports the synchronous contraction of it |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of the cardiac muscle action potential on a graph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which structures in the heart transmit electrical impulses? |
|
Definition
The sino-atril node
The atrio-ventricular node |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the refractory period? |
|
Definition
| It allows the heart to refill with blood |
|
|
