Term
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Definition
amino acids, fx 1. structural components of cell in membranas and 2 enzymes.
ex. collagen, antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
sugars, fx for energy/food molecules of the cell and part of glycoprotiens and glycolipids
ex. glucose, glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
fatty acids
secondary energy source & structural component of cell membrane
ex fats, oils, waxes, steroids |
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Term
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Definition
nucleotides
stores bio info to control cell
ex RNA, DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| structure of definite form and function, composed of one or more diff tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| group of similar cells working together to preform a specialized activity |
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Term
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Definition
1. Epithelium (covering)
2.Connective Tissue (supports)
3.Muscle (movement)
4.Nervous Tissue |
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Term
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Definition
loose CT" proper
dense CT" proper
cartilage and bone (flex and hard)
blood and lymph (watery) |
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Term
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Definition
| basic living structural and functional unit of body |
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Term
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Definition
| contains nucleus and organalles, found in animals, plants, fungi, & protists |
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Term
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Definition
| No nucleus, simple yet diverse biochemically, found in bacteria and cyanbacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, make up 99% of cell |
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Term
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Definition
composed of lipids (phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipid), proteins, and carbs.
fx: protect cell contents, makes contact w/other cells, recepetors for hormones, enzymes, and antibodies, mediates entrance and exit of material in and out of cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| ground substance where chem reactions occur |
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Term
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Definition
| has genes on chromosomes. DNA controls cells by synthesizing RNA. RNA leaves nucleus to synthesize proteins in the cytoplasm. Proteins produces the cell's characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| sites of protein synthesis |
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Term
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough, Smooth) |
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Definition
Membrane-bound channels, Rough has ribosomes on surface. Membrane channle forms intracellular transport system serving as storage, packages material for export (working with Golgi). Ribosomes on rough ER make membrane proteins and extracellular proteins.
Smooth ER makes lipids/releases calcium ions during muscle contraction. In liver metabolizes carbs, detox poison |
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Term
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Definition
| stack of membranes that package proteins and lipids for insertion into the membrane or secretion outside cell & forms lysocytes (with ER) |
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Term
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Definition
| double membraned, site of ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| intercellular digestion of substance and "foreign" mircrobes. Programmed destruction of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| contain enzymes related to hydrogen peroxide metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inside eukaryotic cells, gives cells its shape, ability to move, and arranges organelles (and ability to move them in cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| fine, involved in muscle contractions, responsible for cell locomotion/movement of cell parts, changing shape of cell, form part of cytoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| thick cylinders, contain tublin forming stucture of celia, flagellum, centrioles, mitotic spindle, and part of cytoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| bones of cell, cell shape/strength |
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Term
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Definition
| microtubules, help organize mitotic spindle during cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| microtubles forming short projections, act together to move particles along surface of cell |
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Term
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Definition
| mircotubules in LONG projection, moves entire cell |
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Term
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Definition
| small folds in cell membrane, increase surface area for absorption |
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Term
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Definition
Melanin pigment in skin, hair
glycogen, in liver, skeletal muscle fibers, vadge mucous
lipids, in fat cells
mucous, lube, protection, trap dirt, sticky adhesive |
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Term
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Definition
| w/o ATP, substance move across plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell expends energy with ATP across plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
1. Diffusion
2.Facilitated diffusion
3.Osmosis
4. Filtration |
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Term
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Definition
1. Active Transport
2. Endocytosis
3. Exocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
somatic, skin, intestine
fx growth, repair, replacement
# chromosomes same as orginal 46, forms diploid cells, 2 of each type of chromosomes
2 identical cells |
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Term
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Definition
reproductive, testes, ovaries
fx production of sperm/ova
half number as original (23). Forms haploid cells with one of each type of chromosome
4 unique cells |
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Term
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Definition
dendrites, axon, cell body,
carry out basic cellular processes such as protein synthesis and energy production. |
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Term
| Characteristics of Epithelium |
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Definition
1. tissue, close adhering cells
2. little matrix btwn cells
3. avascular, but has nerves
4.rests on basal membrane (basal lamina)
5. found covering external surface of body/organs
- lining for cavities and tubes
- forming exocrine/ endocrine glands
* 11 types |
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Term
Epithelium shape
(shape + layer) |
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Definition
1. squamous- fried egg, flat
2. cuboidal- equal in height,width, cube, nucleus centered/round
3. columnar- taller than wide, rectangular, oval nucleus (if psuedostratified columnar, ciliated) |
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Term
Epithelium Cell Layers
(shape + layer) |
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Definition
1. simple- one layer
2. stratified- two or more
3. psuedostratified- one layer but appears to be stratified, can be cilated |
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Term
Shape + Layer Combos
for Epithelium |
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Definition
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Simple columnar ciliated
Pseudostratified Columnar cialated
Stratified squamous keratinized
stratified squamous nonkeratinized
Stratfied cuboidal
*transitiional-named by function |
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Term
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Definition
found in kidney,testis, ear, aveoli of lung
2 types: endothelium- lines heart, B.V., lymphatic vessels
mesothelium- lines body cavaties, surface serous membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
in lining of stomach, uterus, larger duct glands
*w/Microvilli- in small/large intestine, gall bladder
*Ciliated-found in fallopian tubes, uterus, small bronchi, central canal of spinal cord |
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Term
| Pseudostratified columnar ciliated |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
keratinized- on dry surfaces of skin, resists trauma and bacterial entry, water loss. Ex anus. Epidermis.
found in- epidermis, anus
nonkeratinized- WET surfaces. vagina, urethra |
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Term
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Definition
| found: urinary sys, bladder, urethra. Changes appearance when organ is relaxed or stretched. 2-3 layers, streched/flattened |
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Term
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Definition
glands- cells turn inward from surface and grow into CT to form organs high specialized to secrete
Endocrine-hormones, lose connection and ducts w/in surface epithlium, hormones emptied in bloodstream. No ducts, use capillaries
Exocrine- retain connection by ducts and secretion (sweat, mucous) empties to lining/covering |
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Term
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Definition
1. loose CT, binds cushions, few fibers, ex. lamina propria. many cells, few fibers
very vascular
2. Dense CT (strongest), for binding and strength. Many tough fibers. in fibroblast. ex tendon
less cells more fibers.
less vascular |
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Term
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Definition
cartilage, shape/support, cushion, strength, protects,
matrix:flexible
cells: chondrocytes,
ex elastic/hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage
bone
supports, strength, protect, mineral storage,
hard/calcified, cell matrix: osteocytyes.
ex compact/cancellous bone. |
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Term
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Definition
protective defense, circulation, transport.
matrix: watery plasma
cell: leucocytes,erythrocytes
ex: blood |
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Term
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Definition
1. scattered cells
2. matrix abundant
3. vascular (except carti)
4. not found in free surface
5. has: ground sub, cells, fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic) |
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Term
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Definition
1. fibroblast
2. Macrophage
3. Adipose
4. Plasma
5. Mast
6. Transient |
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Term
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Definition
1. collagen- tough/flexible. found: bone, cartilage, tendon, ligaments. wavy/coarse dont branch
2. Elastic- thinner than collagen, elastin, strength/stretch. Found: skin, B.V., lungs
3. Reticular- very thin, branch, support/strength,form frame blood-forming/lymph filtering organs. found: fat, nerve, muscle cell, basement membrane |
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Term
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Definition
1. Areolar-sponge-like, binds/packages, in/around B.V., nerves, organs
a) Lamina propria-beneath epithleium of mucous membrane, anus/mouth
2. adipose CT- energy reserve, protects, reduces heat loss in skin
3. reticular CT- network of fibers form stroma of organs like liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
Dense Regular- one direction
-ligaments: bone to bone
-tendons: muscle to bone
-Lmellated CT: fibers in layers. found around nerves, waslls of tubules/testes, sheaths of Pacinian corpuscles
-fibrous membranes: aponeurosis (broad/flat,sheet), fascia scelera, cornea, tunica testis |
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Term
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Definition
strength found in many directions
found: perichondrium (cartilage), periosteum (bone), dermis, fascia/organ capsules, dura mater |
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Term
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Definition
| elastic fibers, in walls elastic arteries, trachea, bronchi, vocal chords |
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Term
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Definition
contains chondrocytes in firm nonvascular matrix.
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage |
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Term
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Definition
most common.
chondrocytes surrounded by lacunae
contains fibers, found in articular joint, bones surfac, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, epiphyseal plate of long bones!, fetal skelteon, costal carti in sternum |
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Term
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Definition
flex, collagen, elastic fibers.
found in external ear, larynx, eustachian tube |
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Term
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Definition
strongest, more collagen fiber, chondrocytes in rows.
found in pubic, interverbal discs, menisci, glenod labrum of shoulder |
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Term
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Definition
fx: body support, protect organs, attach skeletal muscle, store calcium/phospate, blood formation in marrow
contain osteocytes surrounded by lacanuae |
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Term
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Definition
1. compact:
solid,haversion sys
2. Cancellous, spongy, trabecular. Bone is porous, thin trabeculate branch/join to form bony meshwork. spaces filled with bone marrow. |
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Term
| Intermembranous ossification |
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Definition
| membrane bones from mesenchyme early bones from fetus (skull, clavicle) |
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Term
| Endrochondral ossification |
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Definition
form from hyaline cartilage
most bones below skull |
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Term
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Definition
transport- O2 from lungs to body cells, nutrients from digestive tract to body cells, waste from cell to kidneys, hormones from endocrine gland to target cells
regulate: pH of blood 7.4, body temp, water content
protection-leuocytes protect from pathogens. platelets/clotting factors allow for blood clotting |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1.skeletal- striated, voluntary, attaches to bone
2.cardiac-involuntary, striated, muscle of heart
3. smooth- internal organs (visceral), involuntary, nonstriated |
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Term
Muscle terms to know
-sarcolemma
-sarcoplasm
-sarcomere
-sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
-sarcolemma- cell memb.
-sarcoplasm- cytolplasm
-sarcomere- organelle contraction (myofibril)
-sarcoplasmic reticulum- like ER |
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Term
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Definition
above
5 layers from superficial to deepest
1. stratum corneum- 25-30 flat dead, keratin, protect from bacteria, water loss
2. stratum lucidum- only in thick skin, soles, fingertips, palms
3. stratum granulosum- 3-5 layers apoptosis which is programmed cell death
4. stratum spinosum 8-10layers, thickest living
5. stratum basale- single layer cuboidal to coloumnar keratinocytes, undergo mitosis
cells: melanocytes, langerhans(monocytes for immune sys), merkel (sensory) |
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Term
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Definition
2 layers
papillary layer- areolar CT, contain capillaries/meissners corpsucles senstive to touch
reticular layers- dense irregular CT. Collagen/elastic fibers make skin resiliant for underlying tissue. Reticular layer contains: follicles, glands, arrector pili muscles, sweat gland, blood vessels/nerves |
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Term
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Definition
sebaceous
sweat glands (eccrine is most common, apocrine in A areas: axilla, anus, gential)
Ceruminous glands (earwax) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Basal Cell carcinoma: most common, least malignant
2. Squamous cell carcinoma- from keratonocytes that are flattened at top
3. Melanoma: most dangerous, from meloncytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Lines heart. Blood vessels lymph vessels. Capillaries and inside arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stratified squamous nonkeratinized. Wet surfaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stratified squamous nonkeratinized. Wet surfaces. |
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Term
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Definition
O- lips (upper/lower)
I- lips
A- closes and protrudes lips |
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Term
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Definition
O- Maxila, mandible
I- Angle corner of mouth
A- compresses cheeks: blow, suck |
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Term
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Definition
O- Epicranial Aponeurosis
I- Skin of forehead (near brows)
A- Raises brows/ wrinkles forehead horizontally |
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Term
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Definition
O- Occipital, Temporal
I- Epicranial Aponeurosis
A- Acts w/frontalis to draw scalp backward in surprise |
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Term
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Definition
O- Upper fascia of thorax
I-Mandible and corner of mouth
A- Depresses mandible and depresses angle of mouth
(horror) |
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Term
| Levator palpebrae superioris |
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Definition
| Action: Raises upper eyelid (opens eyes) |
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Term
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Definition
| Protrudes lower lip as in pouting |
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Term
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Definition
Action:
Draws angle of mouth laterally
as in grining :D, tense, laughing |
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Term
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Definition
| Action: Elevates angle of mouth as in smiling and laughing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Draws eyebrows medially and inferiorily, vertical wrinkling as in frowning |
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Term
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Definition
| Draws down corner of mouth as in saddness |
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