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| standing erect, heels together, arms at side with palms anterior and thumbs lateral |
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| The study of the structures of the body and their relationships to one another |
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| The study of the function's of the body; i.e. how the body works |
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| Away from head end; lower on body |
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| toward or at the front of the body |
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| face down in anatomical position |
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| face up in anatomical position |
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| close to point of attachment |
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| away from point of attachment |
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| Median (midsaggital plane) |
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| a section down the midline |
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| section parallel to midline |
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| section from side to side that separates ventral and dorsal surfaces |
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| (Transverse, cross-sectional) a section front to back horizontally |
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Coverings- skin, dermis, glands
Regulation and protection prevent water loss |
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bones, cartilages, ligaments, and tendons
protection, support, blood cell production. |
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muscles attached to bones
Movements posture and generates heat |
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brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
Regulates and coordinates sensation and movement, and many other functions |
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Pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, ovaries, testes, and pancreas
Regulation and maintenance of growth, metabolism |
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heart, blood vessels, and blood
Transport of nutrients and waste, immune function |
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vessels, nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph tissue
Immune response, circulatory functions, fat absorption |
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nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, lungs, and bronchi
O2 and CO2 exchange |
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Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Mechanical and chemical breakdown of ingested foods and absorption |
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kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
Waste removal, regulates pH, water balance |
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testes, prostate, scrotum, penis, and the duct system
produce sex cells and sex hormones |
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| Reproductive System Female |
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ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, mammary glands, vagina
produce sex cells and sex hormones |
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| the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body, regardless of what is happening in the external environment. |
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| average value of something (middle line on graph) |
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| The range of values of which an environment is "okay" |
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| something that exceeds the normal range through a change |
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| picks up change away from set point |
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processes receptor and sends effector
Afferent (sensory) and Efferent (motor) pathways go to effector |
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| signal to return to normal range |
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| change to return to normal range |
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| Negative Feedback Mechanism |
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any deviation from the normal set point is resisted or diminished.
most homeostatic control mechanisms are controlled in a negative feedback fashion
ex. heart rate regulation due to changes un blood pressure |
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| Positive Feedback Mechanism |
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(rare) when a deviation from the normal set point occurs, positive feedback mechanisms tend to make the deviation larger (usually unhealthy)
ex. blood pressure changes due to trauma |
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| cranial and vertebral cavities |
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thoracic cavity- pleural, mediastinal, pericardial cavities
abdominal cavity- peritoneal, pelvic, retroperitoneal cavities |
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| thin double layered membrane that secretes fluid which lubricates the cavities |
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| layer of the serous membrane which directly covers the organ (contact) |
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| layer of the serous membrane that the wall of the cavity |
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| liver, gallbladder, and duodenum |
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| stomach, pancreas, and spleen |
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| descending and sigmoid colon |
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