Term
| Function of Endocrine sys |
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Definition
| Chemical communication between (usually) distant organs |
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Term
| How does the endocrine sys accomplish its function? (4 pts) |
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Definition
1. Glands that secrete hormones
2. Hormones effect distant and diverse targets
3. Hormones bind to receptors in/om target cells to communicate the message
4. Hormones are either amino acid based or steriods |
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Term
| Endocrine vs Exocrine gland |
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Definition
| An exocrine glad secretes substance onto a surface, usually through a duct. An endocrine gland secretes substance into the bloodstream. |
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Term
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Definition
| -cells from surface epithelium grow down |
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Term
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Definition
| In the nervous system, there is an anatomical connection to the target. In the endocrine sys, there is no physical connection between secreting and target cell, b/c uses the bloodstream. |
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Term
| What are 3 types of stimuli capable of eliciting a hormonal response? |
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Definition
1. Humoral stimulus (condition of the blood)-- example: blood calcium levels
2. Neural stimulus (direct innervation)-- example: in the adrenal medulla
3. Hormonal stimulus (one hormone stimulates secretion of another)-- ex: a hormone from the pituitary gland stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones |
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Term
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Definition
- Connected to and controlled by the hypothalamus
- "Master gland"
- controls many other endocrine glands
- Two major regions: Anterior lobe and Posterior lobe |
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Term
| Two major regions of the Pituitary gland |
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Definition
1. Anterior lobe/adenohypophosis: glandular tissue
2. Posterior lobe/neurohypophosis: nervous tissue, extension of the brain |
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Term
| Hypothalamus and the Posterior Pituitary |
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Definition
- Neurons in the hypothalamus synthesize the hormones
- Hormones travel through their axons to the posterior lobe
- Under the right conditions, these neurons conduct AP's that cause release of the hormones |
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Term
| Posterior pituitary hormones: target and func |
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Definition
1. ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone): targets the kidneys, leads to water retention
2. Oxytocin: stimulates sm muscle contraction in the reproductive tracts; initiates milk secretion |
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Term
| How hypothalamus controls the posterior and anterior lobes of pituitary differently |
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Definition
- Posterior lobe: hypothalamus makes hormones and release them here
- Anterior lobe: hypothalamus controls it through a portal sys |
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Term
| Where is the only place substances can get in or out of the bloodstream? |
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Definition
| If there's a capillary bed |
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Term
| Where is the only place substances can get in or out of the bloodstream? |
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Definition
| If there's a capillary bed |
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Term
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Definition
- axons terminate among the primary capillaries
- Releasing factors (hormones) from the hypothalamus enter the primary capillaries and are carried to the anterior lobe by the portal veins
- They exit the blood at the secondary capillaries to stimulate or inhibit secretion by the cells there
- Cells respond by releasing their own hormones: TSH, GH, FSH, LH, PRL, ACTH: which enter at the secondary capillaries and are delivered to their targets |
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Term
| The 6 hormones that the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
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Definition
1 TSH: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
2 GH: Growth Hormone
3 LH: Luteinizing hormone
4 FSH: Follicle stimulating hormone
5. ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone
6. PRL: Prolactin |
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Term
| In a portal sys, is it a vein or an artery that connects the two capillary beds? |
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Definition
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Term
| Target and Function: Prolactin |
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Definition
Target: Mammary gland
Function: Milk production |
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Term
| Target and Function: Thyriod stimulating hormone |
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Definition
Target: thyroid follicular cells
Function: Thyroxine secretion |
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Term
| Target and Function: Luteinizing hormone |
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Definition
Target: Ovary, testes
Function: ovulation, Testosterone secretion |
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Term
| Target and Function: Follicle stimulating hormone |
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Definition
Target: Ovary, testes
Function: growth of follicles, estrogen secretion, sperm production |
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Term
| Target and Function: Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Definition
Target: Adrenal cortex
Function: secretion of cortisol |
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Term
| Target and Function: Growth Hormone |
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Definition
Target: Muscle, bone, etc
Function: Growth |
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Term
| Where is the thyroid gland located? |
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Definition
| Just below the Adam's Apple |
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Term
| What are the two major cell types of the Thyroid gland? |
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Definition
1. Follicular cells: major type
2. Parafollicular cells |
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Term
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Definition
- Make a precursor of their hormones and store it in the follicle as colloid
- When TSH arrives, follicular cells take up the precursor, and secrete the final products (T3 and T4) towards the capillaries: requires iodine and raises basal metabolic |
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Term
| Why is iodine so imp to the proper functioning of the thyroid gland? |
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Definition
| - final conversion from precursor to final product requires iodine |
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Term
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Definition
| mass of precursor hormone in thyroid follicles |
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Term
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Definition
1. Hyperthyroidism-- ex: Grave's disease
2. Hypothyroidism-- commonly due to autoimmune destruction of the gland
3. Insufficient iodine: goiter--w/o iodine, thyroid can make precursor but can never convert to the final product
3. |
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Term
| Thyroid gland-- Parafollicular cells |
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Definition
* respond to high levels of calcium in the blood (NOT to TSH)
- secret calcitonin
- decreases calcium in the blood by stimulating bone deposition (osteoblasts) |
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Term
| Parathyroid glands--where are they located? when are they stimulated? what do they secrete and what does it do? |
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Definition
-located posteriorly, right next to thyroid gland
- stimulated by low calcium levels in the blood
- release parathormone, which elevates calcium blood levels by stimulating osteoclasts to degrade bone |
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Term
| Adrenal gland: where is it located and what are the two major regions? |
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Definition
-located just above the kidneys
- adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla |
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Term
| Adrenal medulla: stimulated by and secretes? |
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Definition
stimulated by: symp NS
Secretes: Epi and NE |
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Term
| 3 zones of the Adrenal cortex |
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Definition
1. Zona glomerulosa
2. Zona fasciculata
3. Zona reticularis |
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Term
| Stimulus, Hormone, Major effects: Zona glomerulosa |
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Definition
Stimulus: angiotensin II
Hormone: aldosterone
Maj effects: Kidneys to increase sodium absorption to increase blood pressure |
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Term
| Stimulus, Hormone, Major effects: Zona fasciculata |
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Definition
Stimulus: ACTH
Hormone: cortisol
Maj effects: fat and protein breakdown, release of fat and glucose into the blood |
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Term
| Stimulus, Hormone, Major effects: Zona reticularis |
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Definition
Stimulus: ??
Hormone: androgens (sex steroids)
Maj. effect: stimulate hair growth and stimulate sex drive |
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Term
| What is the general hormone type secreted by the adrenal cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the endocrine part of the pancreas called? |
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Definition
| Islets of Langerhans (Pancreatic Islets) |
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Term
| Two major cells of Pancreatic Islets, what hormones they secrete, overall function |
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Definition
- Alpha cells: secrete glucagon
- Beta cells: secrete insulin
-overall func: regulate the level of blood glucose |
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Term
| Glucagon is released from alpha cells in the pancreatic islets in response to ___ levels of glucose in the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| Insulin is released from beta cells in the pancreatic islets in response to ___ levels of glucose in the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucose transport and Insulin |
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Definition
- insulin binds to its receptor
- moves glucose transporter to the cell's surface
- glucose enters the cell |
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Term
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Definition
- autoimmune destruction of beta cells
- onset during childhood
- insulin dependent: may use insulin injections or an insulin pump |
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Term
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Definition
- cells are "insulin resistant"
- problem with insulin receptor
- associated with obesity and old age |
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