Details Title: AN102 Final Description: Terms Total Flash Cards: 167 Created: 05/06/2008 12:56:59		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Anthropology Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term         Biological Anthropology Definition         the study of human biology and behavior within an evolutionary context  Term         Primate Definition       a group of mammals comprising prosimians, monkeys, apes and humans  Term         Species Definition       a group of similar looking organisms capable of interbreeding  Term         Evolutionary Tree Definition         A diagram showing evolutionary relationships among species or groups of species  Term          Hominid Definition       A bipedal member of the evolutionary lineage leading to modern humans  Term         Genetics Definition       the study of inherited traits  Term         Transmission Genetics Definition       The study of how traits are passed on from parent to offspring  Term         Population Genetics Definition       the study of how genes are distributed within an interbreeding group  Term       Human Biology Definition       the study of human variation with respect to evolution and physiology  Term         Paleoanthropology  Definition         the interdisciplinary study of human origins  Term       Primatology Definition         the study of non-human primates, usually in the wild  Term       Forensic Anthropology Definition         the application of anthropological techniques to solve unexplained deaths  Term         John Ray Definition         first proposed that interbreeding organisms be called species and similar groups of species be called genera  Term         Carolus Linnaeus Definition         first systematic classification of organisms, genus species, and class order  Term         George Buffon Definition         first suggested that species were not completely fixed, dynamic relationship between organisms and environment, believed world was old  Term         Erasmus Darwin Definition       first proposed idea of the origin of species through evolution in Zoonomia   Term         Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck Definition         theory of evolution by inheritance of acquired characteristic, felt needs, internal forces  Term         George Cuvier Definition         recognized that fossils could be grouped with modern organisms, argued for catastrophism  Term         Charles Lyell Definition         challenged catastrophism, deep time, introduced uniformitarianism  Term         Thomas Malthus  Definition       populations have the potential to increase at a faster rate than resources, intense competition   Term         Hypothesis Definition         a statement about a phenomena with testable predictions  Term         Theory Definition         a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the world  Term         Adaptations Definition         features produced by natural selection that allows them to survive and reproduce in their environment  Term         Fitness Definition         an organism's ability to survive and reproduce  Term         Adaptive Evolution Definition         differences in fitness among organisms will result in a compatibility between an organism and its environment through time  Term         Heritability Definition         the extent to which offpsring resemble their parents  Term         Sexual Selection Definition           evolutionary change that occurs because of variation in ability to acquire mates  Term           Intrasexual Selection Definition         male-male competition, preventing rivals from mating  Term         Intersexual Selection Definition           female choice, acquire mates by attracting them to you  Term         Sexual Dimorphism Definition         differences among the sexes due to sexual selection  Term         Mitochonria Definition         an organelle that also contains DNA  Term         Somatic Cells Definition         components of body tissues  Term         Gametes Definition         cells used for reproduction (sperm and ova)  Term         Zygote Definition         union between a sperm and an ovum  Term           Chromosome Definition         composed of DNA molecule and associated proteins  Term           Autosomes Definition     make proteins that govern all physical characteristics except sex Term         Sex Chromosomes Definition           associated with specifying sex determination  Term         Genetic Code Definition         relationship between codons and amino acids  Term         Gene Definition       entire sequence of DNA bases responsible for the synthesis of a protein Term         Mitosis Definition         cell division in somatic cells that produces two dipploid cells  Term         Meiosis Definition         cell division of the gametes that produces 4 haploid cells  Term         Diploid  Definition         having homologous pairs of chromosomes  Term           Haploid  Definition           having a single chromosome in a cell  Term Definition Term       Locus Definition       location on a chromosome where homologous genes are located  Term         Alleles Definition     alternate forms of the DNA sequence at a locus, gene  Term         Heterozygous Definition         having different alleles at particular locus  Term         Homozygous Definition       having the same alleles at a particular locus  Term         Genotype Definition         the genetic constitution of an individual   Term         Phenotype Definition         the observable traits that are expressed by the genotype  Term         Independent Assortment Definition         the distribution of one pair of alleles into gametes does not affect the distribution of another pair  Term         Sex-linked Traits Definition         alleles found on the sex chromosomes can code for sex-specific phenotypes  Term           Transmission Genetics Definition       expected ratios of offspring genotypes, given the genotypes of their parents  Term         Population Definition         a community of individuals where mates are usually found; a group of interbreeding individuals localized in time and space  Term Definition Term         Frequency Definition       the proportion of all objects that are of that type  Term         Evolution Definition       change in allele frequency from one generation to the next  Term         Hardy-Weinberg Equillibrium Definition         tells how alleles will be distributed into genotypes in the offspring generation in a very, very large population under the assumptions of no mutation, migration, natural selection, accidental deaths, and random mating  Term         Genetic Drift Definition         allele frequency change independent of fitness  Term           Fixed Allele Definition         when there are two alleles at a locus and one is elimated, the other is fixed  Term           Pleiotropy Definition         when a single locus controls more than one trait  Term           Discrete Traits Definition       traits that are packaged in clearly defined categories and controlled by a single locus (Mendelian traits)  Term         Continuous Traits Definition           traits that do not have clearly defined categories of pheotypes, they overlap  Term         Polygenic Traits Definition       continuous traits - more influenced by the environment   Term         Directional Selection Definition         selection eliminates the unfit "nontall" individuals  Term         Stabilizing Selection Definition         selection eliminates the unfit "non-average" individuals  Term         Disruptive Selection Definition         selection eliminates the "average" individuals  Term         Macroevolution Definition         evolutionary change that results in the production of new species         Term           Biological Species Concept Definition       species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups  Term         Recognition Species Concept Definition         a population of diploid individuals with a shared, specific mate recognition system  Term           Founder Effect Speciation Definition         vicariant isolating event of a small population in which reproductive isolation then evolves  Term         Allopatric Speciation Definition         new species form due to geographic isolation  Term         Allopatry Definition         populations living in different geographic area  Term         Sympatry Definition         populations living in the same geographic area  Term         Punctuated Equillibrium Definition       long periods of no change with  new adaptive characters developing quickly at speciation   Term           Intraspecific Variation Definition         variation among members of a species   Term         Interspecific Variation Definition         variation between two or more species   Term         Paleospecies Definition       a member of a past lineage  Term         Taxonomy Definition         the theory and practice of classifying organisms  Term         Homologies Definition         similarity due to common ancestry  Term         Analogies Definition       superficial similarities of features based on common function, not common ancestry  Term         Homoplasy Definition         separate evolutionary development of analogies in different species  Term         Derived Homology Definition         help to define a more exclusive set of species  Term           Ancestral Homology Definition         a trait shared by a group of species because they share a past lineage  Term           Clade   Definition         a set of taxa descended from a particular ancestral taxon  Term           Cladogram Definition           has a relative time component, but not a chronological aspect, represent patterns of common ancestry  Term         Lithospheric Plates Definition         float on the asthenosphere and can collide  to create subduction or orogeny (mtns)  Term         Heterodonty Definition           having different types of teeth  Term         Diphodonty Definition           two sets of teeth, milk teeth and permanent teeth  Term         Dental Formula Definition         incisors, canines, premolars, molars   Term         Prosimii Definition       lemurs, lorises, tarsiers  Term         Anthropoidea Definition       monkeys, apes, humans  Term         Life History Definition         how an organism spreads its reproduction out over its lifetime  Term         Positional Behavior Definition           the various locomotor and postural behaviors exhibited by a given species  Term         Locomotor Modes Definition         movements like finding food, finding mates  Term       Postural Modes Definition           stationary like harvesting food and resting  Term         Basal Metabolic Rate Definition           rate of energy expenditure to maintain life when at rest  Term         Nocturnal Definition         active at night  Term         Diurnal Definition       active during the day  Term         Cathemural Definition         active during day and night  Term         Home Ranges Definition           geographic areas that contain all the resources a primate needs to survive  Term         Territories Definition         home ranges that are actively patrolled and defended against conspecifics  Term         Alarm Calls Definition         calls within species that warn about predators  Term         Philopatric Sex Definition         the sex that remains while the other sex leaves the group to prevent inbreeding  Term         Scramble Competition Definition     abundant food, try to eat more than someone else  Term         Contest Competition Definition       small patches of food, try to defend food by agression  Term         Dominance Definition         the predictable relationship between individuals established via fighting or aggressive displays  Term         Matrilines Definition         dominance hierarchies that form within female relationships  Term         Precopulatory Definition         intrasexual competitive patterns like fighting and agility  Term         Postcopulatory Definition         intrasexual competitive patterns like sperm competition, infanticide  Term         Infanticide Definition         males can sometimes increase their own fitness by killing their rival's offspring and then mating with the female  Term           Cooperation Definition         positive benefit to self, positive benefit to neighbor  Term         Altruism Definition         negative cost to self, positive benefit to neighbor  Term           Selfishness Definition           positive benefit to self, negative cost to neighbor  Term         Relatedness Definition         the proportion of alleles shared between kin  Term           Reciprocal Altruism  Definition         individuals who helped those who helped them  Term         Encephalization Definition         the degree to which brain size exceeds the expected body size  Term         Bipedalism Definition         diagnostic trait that defines all hominins  Term         Fossils Definition         happenstance material evidence of past life  Term         Relative Dating Definition         determining the age of a fossil in relation to others  Term           Chronometric Dating Definition         determining the age of a fossil in a range of mya  Term         Bicondylar Angle Definition         Carrying angle of the femur bone that helps position the leg directly under the body      Term         Longitudinal Arch Definition         arch in human foot that helps to absorb shock and add spring   Term           Foramen Magnum Definition         great hole in skull that centers the head on the spine  Term         Honing Complex Definition         upper canine rubs against lower first premolar to sharpen teeth  Term         Prognathism Definition         protrusion of face, not flat  Term           Taphonomy Definition       study of what happens to something after it dies  Term           Osteodontokeratic Definition         tool culture that uses bone-tooth-horn  Term         Basicranial Flexion Definition         high flexion is associated with a longer vocal tract  Term         Hypoglossal Canal Definition         hole where cranial nerve passes through from brain to tongue  Term         Complete Replacement Model Definition           no interbreeding with existing hominids  Term         Partial Replacement Model Definition         they did interbreed with existing hominids in these areas  Term         Regional Continuity Model Definition         extensive gene flow Term         Regulatory Genes Definition         the genes that influence and adjust the allele's response to environment, phenotypic plasticity  Term         Phenotypic Plasticity Definition           ability to make beneficial physiological adjustments in phenotype in response to the environment  Term         Vasodilation Definition         expansion of blood vessels and increased blood flow to the skin in response to heat  Term         Vasoconstriction Definition         narrowing of blood vessels and reduced blood flow to the skin in response to cold  Term         Hypoxia Definition         lack of oxygen in the body, high altitudes  Term           Melanin Definition       produced by melanocytes   Term           Dolichocephalic Definition           long, narrow head  Term         Brachycephalic Definition         wide head  Term         Brain Stem Definition         metabolic activities  Term           Cerebellum Definition       balance, posture, movement  Term         Cerebrum Definition         higher brain function, lobes  Term         Primary Cortex Definition         regions involved with motor/sensory input  Term         Sulci Definition         grooves on the brain  Term           Gyri Definition         ridges on the brain  Term         Frontal Lobe Definition         associated with analytical reasoning, cognition, memory, judgement, got larger  Term         Expensive Tissue Hypothesis Definition         smaller gut means energy for brain, meat eating  Term         Radiator Hypothesis Definition         brain uses lots of energy, can overheat, emissary veins help cool down  Term         Communication Definition       any act that conveys information between individuals  Term         Language Definition         system of communication used by humans  Term           FOXP2 Definition         a gene that is important in language and speech production  Term         Social Gossip Definition         language functions to exchange social info about group members when group sizes are large  Term         Social Contract Definition         language functions to establish contracts and social bonds among ancestral monogamous units Term         Social Flare Definition         language evolved and functions as a means for males to attract females Term         Biocultural Evolution   Definition         cultural practices can influence patterns of genetic variation  Term         Vectors Definition         agents that carry a disease  Term           Zoonotic Definition         a disease that is transmitted to humans through contact with a nonhuman animal Term         Life Cycle Definition         biologically relevant stages of development  Term         Maternal-Offspring Conflict Definition         offspring will want more investment than parent is often willing to give  Term         Adrenarchy Definition         release of a hormone from adrenal glands that helps shape the brain during juvenile period  Term         Senescence Definition         deterioration of body function as we grow older  Term           Menopause Definition       gradual cessation of the menstrual cycle subsequent to the loss of ovarian function  Term         Grandmother Hypothesis Definition         menopause evolved to switch women from investing in their own offspring and investing in kin  Term         Antagonistic Pleiotropy Definition         genes that are beneficial early in life can have an adverse affect later in life  Term Definition