Works Progress Administration (WPA):

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC):

Part of the banking reform of The New Deal;

insured customer accounts through the federal government 

Part of the unemployment aide; provided money directly to unemployed

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA):

-Add dams to create hydraulic electricity

-The government forcibly took over land to flood

Fair Labor Standards Act:

Part of opposition to The New Deal;

 -Ended NIRA because of fair competition act since the Federal Government had no jurisdiction on intrastate affairs...("states' rights")

Executive Order 8802:

Disallowed discrimination on US defense contracts

Negro Defense Committee:

Coordinates black communities of home front security, ran by John Robert Edward Lee

Spessard Holland:

Governor of FL during WWII, becomes part of Florida Motorcycle Escort Unit

Battle of Midway:

US destroys four large aircraft carriers

àIt was a major moral victory for the U.S. and a turning point in WWII

Rosie the Riveter

This icon which symbolized the women who worked on the Homefront in WWII

 [image]

Containment Policy:

A foreign policy to keep in check the power and influence of the Soviet Union by trying to contain it

George Kennan:

Write a comprehensive rationale for hard-line foreign policy. He downplayed the influence of Communist ideology in Soviet policy. He stressed their insecurity and their need to maintain authority at home.

Eisenhower Doctrine:

-If you refuse to trade with Soviets we will give financial aid to you (to lock out USSR)

-Nasar tries to raise Arabs under Arab nationalism to rise up against US to show they’re not going to be told what to do

à We don’t seem to understand local problems

Arab Nationalism:

Is a common nationalist ideology that is based on the premise that they are united by their common linguistic, cultural, and historical heritage.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO):

Military alliance of democratic states in Europe and North America

Syngman Rhee:

Korean president during The Korean War

Red-baiting:

Accusing someone or a group that they are communist/socialist/or more left than they appear

Loyalty Program:

Are structured marketing efforts that reward, and therefore encourage, loyal buying behavior — behavior which is potentially of benefit to the firm

The Johns Committee:

Ran by Charley Johns

-Supposed to go after gambling, goes after NAACP

-Very broad powers

-Want to get NAACP outlawed

-They get information from many organizations of what NAACP is doing

-They start sending out memos to police to try to get financial statements from NAACP

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC):

The main objective of the HUAC was the investigation of un-American and subversive activities.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 1954:

-1^st major challenge to Jim Crow

-Proved that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal

Alliance for Progress:

Created by Kennedy; designed to thwart communism and hold nations within the American sphere by fostering economic development.  He promised $20 billion in aid for Latin America over a decade.

Ho Chi Minh:

A communist, lead North Vietnam  

Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN):

The US provided $800 million to the South Vietnamese army; they were not prepared for the guerrilla warfare

Operation Rolling Thunder:

A strategy of gradually intensified bombings of North Vietnam

National Indian Youth Council:

The Native Americans expressed growing discontent with the government and formed the NIYC.

United Farm Workers:

A union, used marches and strikes which gained widespread support; improved lives of many farmers

President’s Commission on the Status of Women:

-Report which detailed the discrimination

-Setup by Kennedy, lead by Eleanor Roosevelt

National Organization for Women (NOW):

-Started/ran by Betty Friedan

-End job and pay discrimination; not concerned about private roles

Phyllis Schlafly /

America’s Political Turn to the Right…

• Against feminism, championed idea that women should stay at home, not get involved in politics & family values
• Since “God ordained them”

• She thinks government shouldn’t be involved in the home
• Thinks civil Rights should be a state issue
• Doesn’t like busing: people would bus blacks/whites to different schools for integration
  • Violence erupts
• Sexual Revolution/Permissiveness: Think schools shouldn’t teach sex education

Port Huron Statement:

Part of the student protests; created by Students for Democratic Society; they found a voice in the Vietnam War and the Civil Rights Movement.  (Starts with: “We are people of this generation, bred in at least modest comfort, housed now in universities, looking uncomfortably to the world we inherit.”)

Central High School – Little Rock, Arkansas:

LRCHS was the focal point of the Little Rock Integration Crisis of 1957. Nine black students, known as the Little Rock Nine, were denied entrance to the school in defiance of the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court ruling ordering integration of public schools

Civil Rights Act (1957, 1960, 1964, 1968):

Prohibits discriminations and promotes equalities in many areas especially for African Americans

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE):

Organized picketing and sit-ins against Jim Crow restaurants and theaters

Assembled to organize a bus boycott among the African American community; They ran a system of volunteer car pools and marshaled more than 90% of the black community to sustain the year-long boycott.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference:

Black clergy from across the South met to coordinate local protests against segregation and to secure the ballot for blacks. They founded this SCLC and chose King to head it

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee:

A decentralized, nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership and decision making at the grassroots level; started by Ella Baker

Martin Luther King, Jr.:

Promoted non-violence, turn the other cheek in response to racism and violence

Freedom Ride(r)s:

In an effort to implement the Supreme Court decision that declared segregation in interstate travel unconstitutional.

Selma, Alabama:

A march took place here for voting rights

Nation of Islam:

Malcolm X went to work for the Nation of Islam, which drew on the long tradition of Black Nationalism and its emphasis on racial pride, black autonomy and enterprise, and separation from the dominant white culture and institutions

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education:

Watergate:

Jimmy Carter:

Daniel Ortega:

Sandinista leader assumed power of Cuba, Carter extended recognition and economic aid to the new government.

Iran:

-Russians invade Iran in 1979; We put in the Sha in Iran; he is pro-America; Students rise up/revolution based on Shiiate Muslim; Iranian students take hostages in US Embassy

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA):

Guaranteed briefly and simply that women and men would be treated equally under the law

Economic Recovery Tax Act:

Congress passed this, and it resulted in the largest tax reduction in US history. Corporations also received tax breaks.

End Poverty in California (E.P.I.C.):

The platform Upton Sinclair used to run for Governor of California

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA):

Social Security Act:

National Council on Negro Women:

Organization that leads, develops, and organizes, and advocates for women of African descent as they support their families and communities. They fulfill their mission through research, advocacy and national and community-based health, education and economic empowerment services and programs in the United States and Africa.

Southern Farm Tenant Union:

Glass-Steagall Act:

This Act created the… (CCC)

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC):

Part of unemployment aide; the government provided jobs; People were paid $30/mo; $25 of which had to be sent home

National Recovery Act (NRA):

Part of regulation of business; Headed by Hugh Johnson. Created to help reduce unemployment by voluntary involvement

*Fair Competition Codes:

Part of regulation of business:

1)      Will not try to increase profits (by cutting salaries)

2)      Will not gouge customers

3)      Guaranteed workers right to organize

Yellow Dog Contracts:

A contract which made the employer admit that he has never or would never be part of a union

Four Horsemen:

Four conservative justices on the Supreme Court

*Executive Order 9066:

Japanese internment camps (mainly in the West and the Midwest)

Victory Garden:

Women at home pitched into the war efforts planting Victory Gardens of home-grown vegetables, saving tin cans and newspapers for recycling into war materials, and hoarding pennies and nickels to buy war bonds.

Zoot Suit Riot:

Younger Mexican Americans cannot find spot between Mexican and American Culture

-Find comfort in youth groups = “Gangs”; Zoot Suits: long jackets with broad shoulders

These young men seen as “draft dodgers”& get in fights w/ American servicemen in LA

John Robert Edward Lee:

Leader of the Negro Defense Committee

Florida State Defense Council:

“Soft under-belly”:

Isolationism:

Truman Doctrine:

-Surround soviet states with Democratic states to help contain communism

-Early on they are very active…

Domino Theory:

Fear that if one state fell to Communism, the rest would follow and also fall to communism, like dominos

Satellite States:

(According to an online dictionary…) Is an formally independent state, but one that is heavily influenced or under control by another country (i.e. Eastern Europe was influenced by USSR)

Korean War:

South is a pro-democracy regime; North is a communist regime;

-In 1953 Armistice is signed to stop fighting in Korea, put separation at 38° parallel line

-Is typically a forgotten war

Proposed ideas: gap between US and Soviet weapons could close quickly/easily: ushers in arms race of war heads

Joseph McCarthy:

Smith Act:

Made it an offense for anyone to knowingly or willfully advocate, advise, or teach the duty/desire of overthrowing the Government of the US by force/violence, or for anyone to organize any association which teaches, advises, or encourages such an overthrow, or for anyone to become a member of or to affiliate with any such association.

Charley E. Johns:

Leader of the Johns Committee (the committee which attacked NAACP)

Virgil Hawkins:

A famous desegregation case; he had tried to get into UF’s Law School, was rejected. Was told it would cause “grave problems with his presence”

Robert Saunders:

Head of the State Branch of the NAACP; He stated that the Johns Committee was trying to probe the NAACP

Peace Corps:

Created by Kennedy; they went out  and went to work directly with its people, opening schools, providing basic health car, and assisting with agriculture, nutrition, and small economic enterprises.

Vietcong:

South Vietnamese insurgents were re an indigenous force whose initiative came from within.

National Liberation Front:

Interventions by North Vietnam made matters worse. The Hanoi government established the NLF, composed of South Vietnamese rebels but directed by the northern army.

William Westmoreland:

General, oversaw the introduction of ground troops into Vietnam

American Indian Movement:

Created to attack problems in cities, where about 300,000 Indians lived. The AIM sought to protect Indians from police harassment, secure antipoverty funds, and establish “survival schools” to teach Indian history and values.

*Students for a Democratic Society:

-Civil Rights movement pushes for change: wanted action, not silence.

-They had a fear of A-Bomb; they wrote the Port Huron Statement;

-They found a big voice in Civil Rights Movement and Vietnam Protests

Jack Kerouac:

Famous Beat writer; States that it is all about finding your own destiny

Equal Pay Act:

Signed by Kennedy, making wage disparities based solely on gender illegal

Youth International Party (Yippies):

A splinter group of SDS. Its leaders urged students to demonstrate their hatred of the establishment by provoking the police to violence and creating chaos in the backyard of the Democratic convention.

Women’s Political Council (WPC):

Composed of black professional women; led by Jo Ann Robinson. Such types of organizations laid critical foundations for the black freedom struggle throughout the South

Voting Rights Act, 1965:

Banned literacy tests and authorized federal intervention to ensure access to the voting booth

Executive Order 11246:

Banning discrimination in housing and jury selection and authorized federal intervention when states failed to protect civil rights workers from violence

March on Washington:

More than 250,000 Americans gathered on the Mall in the nation’s capital to pressure the government to support African Americans’ civil rights. (Site of MLK’s ‘I have a dream’ speech)

Montgomery Bus Boycott:

Many joined and boycotted the Montgomery Bus system after Rosa Parks’ arrest.

Black Panther Party:

Ran by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale: Advocated all-black community, all-black businesses, etc.

Medgar Evers:

Armed white men turned back Medgar Evers and four other veterans trying to vote in Mississippi

Eugene “Bull” Connor:

Birmingham, AL’s police chief who responded with police dogs, electric cattle prods, and high-pressure hoses

James Meredith:

Kennedy sent troops to enable James H. Meredith to enroll in the all-white Univ. of Mississippi

Malcolm X:

Black leader, philosophy: “If you attack me, I will retaliate”;

--Wanted blacks to get equality “By any means necessary.” He first turned to Nation of Islam, but after a meeting, he started to side with King, and began to believe they could work together.  He was killed by two black men

Politically active religious conservatives who became vocal in the 80s, criticized feminism, opposed abortion and homosexuality, and promoted “family values” and military preparedness

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke:

The courts limited the range of affirmative action- Yet it did allow affirmative action programs to attack the results of past discrimination as long as strict quotas or racial classifications were not involved

Strict Constructionist:

Someone inclined to interpret the Constitution narrowly and limit government intervention to protect individual rights

Richard Nixon:

President, he did not embrace the entire conservative agenda, he sought to make the Rep. the dominant party by appealing to disaffected blue-collar and southern white Democrats.

Liberalism:

A political doctrine that government is duty-bound to protect the freedom and property of the individual. Has become associated with the idea that government should regulate the economy and ensure the material well-being and individual rights of all people

Camp David Accords:

Carter invited Egyptian Arab president and Israeli officials to a presidential retreat at Camp David. He spent 13 days mediating the two sides, signaled the first meaningful steps towards the Middle East had been taken

Ronald Reagan:

Believed in cutting taxes (“trickle down economics” = “Reaganomics”)

-Give breaks to people up top, and money will funnel down to poor; He called USSR an “evil empire”

Christian Coalition:

Formed by Pat Robertson, had many members and tied closely to Republican party

*“Evil Empire”:

Ronald Reagan called USSR an “evil empire”

Huey Long:

Ran for president with a “share the wealth” campaign, where no one would be allowed to make more than $1million

Wagner Act:

It was the nickname for the “National Labor Relations Act” which authorized the federal government to intervene in labor disputes and supervise the organization of labor unions. Guaranteed workers the right to organize unions, putting the might of federal law behind the appeals of labor leaders.

Mary McLeod Bethune:

Cofounder of NCNW; guided a small number of black professionals and civil rights activists to posts within the New Deal Agencies

John L. Lewis:

Head of the United Mine Workers , told coal miners that “the President wants you to join a union: he exaggerated only a little

Emergency Relief Act:

Park of banking reform;

1)      Gave president control over bank

2)      Forbad the hoarding of gold

Frances Perkins:

Part of the Roosevelt administration; embraced the social gospel tradition. She had extensive experience trying to improve working conditions in shops/factories.

Bonus Army:

The veterans hoped their numbers, solidarity, and poverty would persuade Congress to give them the bonus they had been promised in 1924: $1 for everyday they served in uniform and a bit extra for time served overseas

Civil Works Administration:

(Part of the unemployment aide from The New Deal)

Dorothea Lange:

Photographer, very influential pictures

Hugh Johnson:

Part of the regulation of business; he headed the National Industrial Recovery Act; he tried to reduce unemployment by voluntary involvement

Court Packing:

FDR tried to increase the size of the Supreme Court; was rejected by congress

Butler Decision:

Part of opposition to new deal; Ended the AAA because the Federal Government does not have jurisdiction in intrastate affairs

Upton Sinclair:

He thought the government was not doing enough… He ran for governor of CA w/ E.P.I.C. platform

A. Phillip Randolph:

Part of African American struggles; he tries to setup March on Washington

Guy Hobson Allen:

-Oil executive from Tampa, afraid if we didn’t setup defense, they’ll easily take FL

-Guy creates…Florida Motorcycle Escort Unit

*“Unconditional surrender”:

The Allies would settle for nothing less than an unconditional surrender from Japan/Germany/Italy

Dean Acheson:

Argued that the US needed to provide aid to Europe, as it was “a matter of national self-interest”

*Marshall Plan:

Part of funding for containment; Give financial support to European countries to rebuild and become our allies

Truman chose to supply the city with an airlift rather than sending ground convoys to shoot their may through Soviet lines

Abdul Nasser:

Egypt’s leader, sought arms from a communist country, formed military alliance with other Arab nations, and recognized the Peoples Republic of China

Warsaw Pact:

It was actually a military treaty, which bound its signatories to come to the aid of the others, should any one of them be the victim of foreign aggression

Kim Il-sung:

People’s Republic of North Korea, Kim wanted to bolster his position by championing Korean unification, including guerrilla insurgency.

*Sputnik:

A Russian artificial satellite. We had no idea they had the technology to launch this.

McCarthyism:

The practice of searching out suspected Communists, discrediting them, and housing them from governments and other employment

The Kitchen Debate:

Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev held a public discussion at the American National Exhibit in Moscow comparing the technologies of the two powers.

The Purple Pamphlet:

Johns Committee published this; -Designed to be sent to local law enforcement; -Setup on Cold-War language: shows communists indivisible threat; -They said homosexuals were child molesters who were getting them hooked

Velde Committee:

(I cannot find information on this—has to do with searching out communists, is apparently ineffective)

*R.J. Strickland:

He was in charge of finding homosexuals at UF. He would pick out students from class and interrogate them

--trying to prove homosexuality is a choice

Limited Test Ban Treaty:

Banned the testing of nuclear weapons in atmosphere, outer-space or under water

Ngo Dinh Diem:

South Vietnamese prime minister;

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution:

Johnson ordered air strikes on North Vietnamese torpedo bases and oil storage facilities, and wanted Congress to take all necessary measures

Cesar Chavez:

Organized a movement to improve the wretched conditions of migrant agricultural workers; he created the United Farm Workers (UFW)

Dolores Huerta:

She and Chavez determined that a union was the key to improving lives of farm workers

Silent Spring:

Author: biologist Rachel Carson; drew attention to environmental concerns

The Beats:

Looking for life beyond this materialistic existence & subconscious/ underlying meaning

-Personal relationships, insights, depth…They “drop out” of society…Look for information via experience

Betty Friedan:

Lead National Organization for Women, She wanted to end job/pay discrimination, not concerned about private roles

Title IX:

Banned sex discrimination in all aspects of education (admissions, athletics, and faculty hiring)

Kent State Shootings (Ohio):

-Nixon talked about moving war to Cambodia

-And the Mai Lai Massacre comes out…

-This stoked a fire to leave Vietnam

-The soldiers receive blunt of reaction by public/protestors

-Rally at Kent State, National Guard is called, they were pushed back, and they felt threatened and shot students, a few died

Lead lawyer of NAACP urged the Court overturn the Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal) and said that “Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal” and thus violated the 14^th amendment

Emmet Till:

A lynched 14 year old black boy who had allegedly “whistled at a white woman” in Mississippi

Rosa Parks:

Refused to give up her seat in a Montgomery bus, was arrested. This began the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Jo Ann Robinson:

She led the Womens Political Council to challenge bus segregation

Ella Baker:

She starts the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Bobby Seale:

Started the Black Panther Party with Huey Newton.

“Bloody Sunday”

Watts Riot:

The first major racially-fueled rebellion of the 1960s, an event that foreshadowed the widespread urban violence of the latter half of the decade.
With the arrest of a 21 year old African American, Los Angeles's South Central neighborhood of Watts erupted into violence.

Stokley Carmichael:

SNCC spokesman, a young activist.  He pronounced “we want black power”; a phrase that stuck with the  movement

John Birch Society:

A conservative American political organization

Busing:

People would bus blacks/whites to different schools for integration….and violence erupts

Détente:

The warming of US-Chinese relations increased Soviet responsiveness to their strategy of détente, their term for easing conflict with the Soviet Union. Did not abandon containment, yet focused on issues of common concern—such as arms control and trade

Gerald Ford:

Became president after Nixon resigned, failed to sustain widespread support of détente.

Conservatism:

A political and moral outlook in a strong central government resting on a solid banking foundation. High premium today on military preparedness, free-market economies, low taxes, and strong sexual morality

“Carter Doctrine”:

Threatening the use of any means necessary to prevent an outside force from gaining control of the Persian Gulf

*Reaganomics:

Give tax breaks to the wealth and the wealth will then “trickle-down” to the poor

“YUPPIES”:

Short for “young urban professionals”; Mostly white, well-educated young men and they tended to live in urban condominiums and pursue their fast-track careers. They consumed lavishly in their leisure time. They established consumption standards that many tried to emulate

Iran-Contra Scandal: