Term
| Why were civilians targeted at war? |
|
Definition
~holocaust
~notion of total war
~cut the means of production |
|
|
Term
| Why did hitler persecute the Jews? |
|
Definition
~he thoughtsvgermans were superior
~it was to control the population(eliminate rebellion) |
|
|
Term
| Why didnt America and great Britain attempt to stop the holocaust? |
|
Definition
~official anti-semitism-they were prejudice(not allowing immigrants and refugees)
~may escalate the war with Germany when we weren't ready
~they wouldn't help win the war(weren't good military targets) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~WW2 was two wars in one
~european war/theatre
~pacific war/theatre |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~main focus
~involved Germany, Great Britain, Soviet Union,
& U.S.
~diplomatic battles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| U.S. Strategies to defeat Japanese |
|
Definition
~southwest pacific strategy
~central pacific strategy |
|
|
Term
| Southwest pacific strategy |
|
Definition
~general Douglas MacArthur is leader
~method of island hopping
~army and marines play important roles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~Admiral Chester Nimitz is the leader
~navy and airforce play important roles
~aircraft carriers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~gain control of the central pacific pathway(gaining foothold)
~weakened the Japanese aircraft carriers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~gain control of the southwest pacific pathway(gain foothold)
~showed the brutality in the number of high casualties this war was going to take |
|
|
Term
| What makes the European war different |
|
Definition
~British-focused on imperialism
~U.S.-focused on spreading democracy
~Soviet Union-focus on communism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~soviets were really fighting the Germans
~debate over here to start the 2nd front |
|
|
Term
| British external/peripheral approach |
|
Definition
~start in Africa or mediterranean
~wanted to reduce casualties
~regain their colonies,imperialism
~avoid repetition of WW1 and the stalemate |
|
|
Term
| U.S. Direct/Dday approach |
|
Definition
~first go to Germany through France to England
~ended up not using this and using the british approach instead |
|
|
Term
| Wanted to soften up the Germans |
|
Definition
~strategic bombing
~happens 24 hours because of the night and day bombing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~through air they put bombs in German cities
~British advocated the area bombing
~U.S. advocated the target bombing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~British
~bomb at knight and fly high
~wanted to instill fear
~destroy supplies/factories
~revenge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~U.S.
~bomb during the day and fly low
~take away their supplies/means of production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Impacts of Okinawa and Iwo Gima |
|
Definition
~number of high casualties
~increase use of comacausie(suicide) attack and increase of suicide missions(kill themselves before they surrender)
~unwilling to to surrender
~influenced decision to drop atomic bomb |
|
|
Term
| Final arguments for dropping the atomic bomb: FOR truman |
|
Definition
~saved lives(ended the war sooner)
~diplomatic weapon(control soviets)
~fiscal(justify the expense-spent alot of money so might A's well spend it)
~counter terrorism(Japanese fanaticism)
~ |
|
|
Term
| Final arguments for dropping the atomic bomb: AGAINST truman |
|
Definition
~military options and expertsv
~scientific opposition
~lack of peace negotiations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~filling the power vaccume
~shotgun wedding-allies due to common enemy |
|
|
Term
| Filling the power vaccume |
|
Definition
| U.S. Is the number one industrial and military power and soviet union has the largest army(someone had to fill the power vaccume) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~yalta conference
~potsdan conference |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~created the united nations
~diplomatic part of cold war |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Truman came to the conclusion that he has to control/manage the soviets that would lead to greater rivalry(escalates it) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~contain spread of communism
~contain soviet expansion
~contain threat of the spread of communism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~leader/creator of containment policy
~Truman implemented it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~military strategy
~economic strategy
~diplomatic strategy
~political strategy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Not regulating at communism(difference between containment policy) |
|
|
Term
| First attempt at containment policy(economic)/stop communism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provide economic aid and supplies to western European countries |
|
|
Term
| Why did we implement marshal plan |
|
Definition
~humanitary concerns
~trade
~anti communism(stop them from becoming communist) |
|
|
Term
| National security act/stop communism |
|
Definition
~political containment
~creates 3 agencies against communism |
|
|
Term
| 3 agencies against communism(national security) |
|
Definition
~NSC(national security council)
~CIA(central intelligence agency)
~department of defense |
|
|
Term
| NATO(north Atlantic treaty organization)/stop communism |
|
Definition
~military/diplomatic component of containment
~military alliance-breaks U.S. Tradition(no linger isolationists and neutrality) |
|
|
Term
| NSC 68(national security council) |
|
Definition
| Considered foundation/cornerstone of our containment policy |
|
|
Term
Why NSC 68 is important
It caused rise in taxes |
|
Definition
~the U.S. become international policeman of the world(we can take initiative to stop/contain communism)
~everywhere there is a threat of communism we try to contain it
~major military buildup of U.S. forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~1st indirect confrontation in the cold war
~north Korea v.s. South Korea/united nations
~soviet union and china are on north korea side
~U.S. is on south Korea/united nations side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is it a war of containment or liberation? |
|
|
Term
| What holds us back from answering the containment and liberation question |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kick communism out of north and south korea |
|
|
Term
| Threat of Chinese intervention |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Truman MacAruthur controversy |
|
Definition
~MacArthur says U.S. is here to win the war and end war(wants liberation)
~Truman wants to contain communism and end war |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Introduces the concept of limited war in U.S. History(becomes acceptable to fight limited war) |
|
|
Term
| Sources of the red square(why did this anticommunist hysteria come about?) |
|
Definition
~communism itself it was tangible
~U.S. Set backs abroad
~we thought we were superior and nothing could happen to us |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~house un-American activity committee
~justifies the fear of communism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~Communist spy
~accused of selling secret bombs to the soviets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~accused of selling secret bombs
~found guilty
~if there is one spy there has to be more |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~Heightens hysteria
~if gov is involved anyone can be aorta of communism
~were losing because they were killing themselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~booming economic prosperity(getting better)
~communism itself( helped unify country) |
|
|
Term
| Eisenhower(president in 50s)simple philosophy |
|
Definition
~avoid conflict creat stability
~it's about social harmony and not social justice(bring everyone together) |
|
|
Term
| Key/central theme of the 50s(three Cs) |
|
Definition
~conformity
~conservatism
~consumerism |
|
|
Term
| Economic miracle/booming prosperity |
|
Definition
~gov. spending
~suburban growth
~Keynesian economics
~corporate consolidation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Giving military contracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Whole new sub city(build hospitals parks) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Philosophy that gov. should manage the economy by using fiscal(roads, highways) and monetary(money supply) policies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Teo strong companies merge into one and make them better |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transformed America
~politically(people campaigned on tv)
~socially and culturally(brought country together)
~economically(advertise)
~create market for goods
~created image of what America should be like |
|
|
Term
| Shock of sputnik outcomes |
|
Definition
~growing fear that soviets was going to win war, losing cold war and space/technological race), could bomb us
~escalated cold war
~improved education |
|
|
Term
| Consumer culture in the 50s |
|
Definition
| Middle class becomes biggest class in America in numbers and geographically |
|
|
Term
| Consumer culture characteristics |
|
Definition
~automobiles
~franchises
~suburbs
~family(motherhood)
~television |
|
|
Term
| What did characteristics of 50s reinforce |
|
Definition
The thre major themes:
~conformity
~consumerism
~conservationism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~creates model or ideal of what suburb should be or could be
~mass production technique of home construction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~seeds of rebellion or change
~way he danced was provocative or out of the norm |
|
|
Term
| Brown v.s. board of education |
|
Definition
~overturning the separate but equal doctrine
~deals with integration or desegregation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~racism
~lack of enforcement
~southern manifesto
~resistance of attitude
~Eisenhower stayed neutral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~congress undermines ruling
~message that it is ok to break laws or constitution and it's ok to be segregated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~Rosa Parks
~Martin Luther King Strategy
~first successful organized boycott(changed the law and practices) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~common person that's taking a stand
~the beginning of Martin Luther King(a leader of civil rights movement that actually makes things work |
|
|
Term
| Marthin Luther King strategy |
|
Definition
| Introduces nonviolent direct action approach(it's ok to break the law as long as no one gets hurt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~also know as little rock 9
~important because it raises it to a national level
~ 9 students who tried to desegregate a highschool is Arkansas |
|
|
Term
| Why did Eisenhower finally intervene during civil rights movement |
|
Definition
~federal power of states rights
~wanted to avoid conflict and create stability
~undermined American cold war policies |
|
|
Term
| Causes of the civil rights movement |
|
Definition
~legacy of WWII
~growth of urban black middle class
~television(most important)
~cold war implications
~voting power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ~dynamic conservatism(avoid conflict and create stability) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~believed in the middle of the road/fairway policy
~concentrate on the big picture
~delegate authority reconcile divisions |
|
|
Term
| Massive relation/brinkmanship/bigger bang for the buck |
|
Definition
| Using atomic bombs air power nuclear weapons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~not to be aggressive in foreign policy
~not to allow businesses to influence policy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~liberalism:accepted change
~movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~no easy solutions
~fragmentation and polarization
~conservative backlash
~disillusionment |
|
|
Term
| Kennedy and Johnson(LBJ) presidency |
|
Definition
~activist presidency
~activist gov |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~gov and military spending
~cut taxes to businesses to boost the economy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~activist
~economic policy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To attack the culture of poverty(transform society) |
|
|
Term
| Internal exiles and aliens(LBJ) |
|
Definition
~people who didn't belong to America
~people below poverty
~different ethnicity
~people who aren't benefiting from the American lifestyle |
|
|
Term
| Legacies of great society |
|
Definition
~an increase in federal spending and large budget deficits(failure)
~disillusionment(failure)
~reduction in hunger and poverty in the U.S.(acievement)
~greater medical assistance for Americans/Medicare and medicade(acievement) |
|
|
Term
| Flexible responses/multiple options |
|
Definition
~special forces
~use of CIA
~peace corps
~cold war intensifies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~Cuban exiles wanted to invade Cuba with help of U.S. air and naval millitary support
~kennedy back out at the last minute which caused soviets to see U.S. to be weak
~escalates cold war |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~soviets keep missiles SI Kennedy blockades Cuba
~only time there was almost a direct confrontation diplomatically and politically |
|
|
Term
| Impacts of cuban missile crisis |
|
Definition
~new era of detente-negotiation over confrontation
~started whole new arms race |
|
|
Term
| youth movement/ baby boomers |
|
Definition
~central to the civil movement
~t.v. helped the civil rights movement as well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ~young college students get involved and take the lead not just african american |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~student nonviolent coordinating committee
~college students becoming organized becomes main organization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~desegregate whole transportation systems
~creating national exposure
~major violent white backlash
~crisis or confrontation |
|
|
Term
| crisis or confrontation(violence) |
|
Definition
| ~is enough hto get presidential intervention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~picks here to create a major crisis so the president can intervene
~they got national recognition and crisis |
|
|
Term
| march on washington(i have a dream speech) |
|
Definition
~gather support
~unite all africa namerican into civil rights cause
~create a grand coalition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~ends discrimination and segregation in all public facilities
~employment pass commission that allows Johnson to force the law |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~battle for voting rights
~de jore and de facto segregation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~overturned/eliminated all of states laws
~create federal registers with federal axaminers |
|
|
Term
| De Jure and De Facto Segregation |
|
Definition
~segregation by law(De Jure)
~segregation by practice(De Facto) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~used the nonviolent approach, civil disobedience, and rally support
~we see that racism and segregation isnt applied equally
~laws have changed but the attitudes and beliefs havent changed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~whites were frustrated and didnt understand why blacks were rioting because the laws have changed and they were making progress
~blacks felt that the laws have changed but their attitude hasnt and they arent being treated equally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they follow the black perspective but no one in the gov. made the effort to change or enforce it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~shift from integration to racial distinction/separatism(reject MLK nonviolence)
~support violence if needed
~go back to African American roots |
|
|
Term
| increasingly divided civil rights movement |
|
Definition
~non violence, integration, civil disobedience(MLK)
~black power, separatism, violence(Malcolm X) |
|
|
Term
| Malcolm X and black muslims |
|
Definition
| said we should adopt muslim/islamic religion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most radical violent of the black power groups |
|
|
Term
| what hurt the civil rights movement |
|
Definition
~division between non-violence and violence
~vietnam war |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| baby boomers(late 60's) battle against their parents(30's depression generation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~the new/ political left
~liberation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fighting to change the political system and reform gov(work from top to the bottom) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change everyday life style, culture, and society(work from bottom to top) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~become major parts of antiwar movement
~SDS(student for democratic society)
~student movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~young college students
~end bigatry
~create social justice
~love and creativity over materialism, militarism, and racism |
|
|
Term
| Berkley Free Speech Movement |
|
Definition
protesting that university system is:
~impersonal
~corrupted
~puppet of corporate america |
|
|
Term
| counter culture liberation |
|
Definition
~rejecting traditional American values and middle class values
~dressed, acted, talked differently
~attitude is if it feels good do it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~vietnam becomes independent but splits into two; North and South
~North is communist and the cultural and economic center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~Eisenhower
~dont allow one country in SE Asia to fall to communism, if not they wukk end up under communist rule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ~adapt a policy between millitary assistance and diplomatic resolutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~Johnson(LBJ)
~a firm U.S. commitment to halt communist expansion with a military "strategy of attrition" |
|
|
Term
| Assumptions on why Johnson escalated the war |
|
Definition
~vietnam was not a big or diffivult problem
~all you need is a plan
~vietnam is nobody
~munic analogy(dont negotiate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~Johnson uses this as an excuse to declare war
~triggereing event that escalates the war(turns it into a big war)
~allows a bank check for the war |
|
|
Term
| When war doesnt go as Johnson planned |
|
Definition
uses heart and minds-make north and south vietnamese think U.S. are good people
strategy of attrition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~Eisenhower:domino thoery
~Kennedy:reasonable middle
~Johnson:expanded kimited war
~Nixon:peace with honor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflicts as much damage/casuality on communist so they would surrender/unwilling to continue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~part of our containment
~imperialism |
|
|
Term
| why did strategy of attrition fail |
|
Definition
~they were more committed to war than we were
~underground tunnel network
~north vietnam wasnt a modern industrial nation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~North vietnam invades south vietnam
~wanted to conquer everything in one battle
~military victory by U.S.
~political and psychological defeat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~saw brutality of war
~caused psychological defeat |
|
|
Term
| How to achieve peace with honor |
|
Definition
~vietnmization-
~limited domestic opposition
~negotiate peace on our terms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops with south veitnamese troops in charge |
|
|
Term
| Limited domestic opposition |
|
Definition
| everyone has to agree with his vietnamese policies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~mi lai massacre
~easter offensive
~christmas bombing
~cambodian invasion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a strategy of U.S. disengagement without the appearance of U.S. loss or negotiation(veitnmization) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a power struggle between two or more nations in which a direct confrontation is avoided but an indirect struggle confrontation or agitation takes place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wealth and atomic bombs(nuclear weapons) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| location and man power(coccupation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~economic capitalism
~democratic values or self-determination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~spheres of influence(europe and asia)
~spread communism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| societ union and british wanted to maintain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~first time defeated in battle
~makes Hitler be on the defense in war |
|
|
Term
| consumerism:people of plenty |
|
Definition
| middle class became the biggest class buying more out of want than need tv spreads messege that its ok to buy |
|
|
Term
| franchise and standardization |
|
Definition
| helps heighten consumerism and conformity |
|
|
