Term
Major Arguments (for and against)
Atomic Bomb Decision Debate |
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Definition
For:
1. Saved lives (ended war sooner)
2. Diplomatic weapon (control soviets)
3. Fiscal (Justify the expense)
4. Counter Terrorism (Japanese Fanaticism)
Against:
1. Military options and experts
2. Scientific opposition
3. Lack of peace negotiations |
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Definition
| Filling the power vacuum (US and USSR only economic powers left) |
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Term
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Definition
| Fought for common goal until war was over |
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Term
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Definition
| All global economic powers have fallen |
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Term
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Definition
1. Diplomatic (NATO)
2. Economic (Marshall Plan)
3. Military (NSC-68)
4. Political (NSA) |
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Term
| Pacific Theater: Two Strategies |
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Definition
1. Southwest pacific strategy (Island Hopping) - General Douglas McArthur(Army/Marines)
2.Central Pacific Strategy – Admiral Chester Nimitz (Navy/Air Force) |
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Term
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Definition
| Gaining the foothold in Central Pacific, destroy Japanese Air fleet |
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Term
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Definition
| Gaining the foothold in Southwest Pacific, showed brutality and high casualties |
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Term
| European Theater: 2nd Front Debate&Strategies |
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Definition
Britain (External/Periphery Approach) - In Africa, Italy, Greece (soft belly)
- Regain Colonies
-Avoid Stalemate of WWI
- Avoid Casualties
US (Direct Approach/D-Day)
-Go Directly to Germany
WENT WITH BRITAIN'S IDEA |
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Term
| 3 major reasons why civilians were targets |
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Definition
1. Holocaust
2. Notion of total war
3. Cut the means of production |
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Term
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Definition
Prejudice against Jews (Britain)
May escalate war (US with Germany) |
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Term
| Allied Strategic Bombing: Two Approaches |
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Definition
British (Area Bombing)
1.Bomb at night
2.General area and send a message (hit supplies)
3.Revenge
US (Target Bombing)
1.Fly much lower (accurate)
2.Take away means of production |
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Term
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Definition
1. High Casualties (1/3 of marines that fought in pacific died in these)
2. Increased use of kamikaze attacks and suicide missions
3. Unwilling to surrender
4. Influenced atomic bomb decision |
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Term
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Definition
1. Created United Nations (Diplomatic part of Cold War)
2. Triggers Cold War |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Truman's "Get Tough" Policy - Conclusion that soviets had to be controlled |
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Term
| U.S. Foreign Policy: post WWII goals |
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Definition
| Contain Spread of Communism |
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Term
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Definition
| Same as Containment Doctrine, except it applies to socialism, sotto communists etc. |
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Term
| Marshall Plan (and reasons) |
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Definition
Provide economic Aid and supplies to Western European Countries
Reasons:
1. Humanitarian Concerns
2. Trade
3. Anti-Communism |
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Term
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Definition
Political Containment
1. NSC- National Security Council
2. CIA - Central Intelligence Agency
3. The Department of Defense |
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Term
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Definition
Military/Diplomatic
- Military Alliance
- Breaks US Isolationism/ Ends neutrality |
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Term
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Definition
Considered foundation of Containment Policy
1. US becomes policemen of the world
2. "Go" Policy - Anywhere and everywhere that there is a threat of communism
3. Major military build up |
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Term
| Korean War (Key Question?) |
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Definition
War of Containment or War of Liberation?
1. First Indirect confrontation of Cold War
2. Reality that it is actually Soviets vs. US
3. Stalemate/ Bitter Winter, threat of Chinese intervention |
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Term
| Communist Hysteria at home: Why? |
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Definition
1. Communism (tangible)
2. US setbacks abroad
3. Superiority factor |
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Term
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Definition
| House Un-American Activities Committee - Justifies fear of communism |
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Term
| Alger Hiss & Rosenberg Case |
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Definition
Considered communist spy, worked on Manhattan project
- Notion that if there is one spy, there are others |
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Term
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Definition
| Joseph McCarthy - Involved government in red scare, never proved allegations |
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Term
| The Fifties: Golden Age (why?) |
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Definition
1. Booming Economic Prosperity
2. Right president at the right time (Eisenhower not a Politician)
3. Struggle against communism |
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Term
| Three Central Themes of the 50's |
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Definition
Conformity
Consumerism
Conservatism |
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Term
| Consumerism: People of Plenty: why? |
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Definition
| Middle class becomes the biggest class |
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Term
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Definition
1. Creates ideal of suburbs
2. Introduced mass production of houses |
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Term
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Definition
- Growing fears of space attack
- Escalated Cold War
- Improved Education |
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Term
| Consumer Culture Society (characteristics) |
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Definition
1. Automobiles (Corvette = Cool, Porsche = Businessman)
2. Franchises (McDonalds, Holiday Inn, Hugh Hefner Playboy)
3. Suburbs
4. Family (Motherhood)
5. Television |
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Term
| Brown v. Board of Education (1954) |
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Definition
- Integration of schools
- "Separate but equal" overturned |
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Term
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Definition
| "Massive Resistance" of integration. (100 Congressman said Brown v. Board cannot work) |
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Term
| Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) |
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Definition
| Begins Martin Luther King era, Rosa Parks (common person) fights the system |
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Term
| Little Rock Crisis (1957) |
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Definition
| Little Rock 9 tried to be stopped by Arkansas citizens, Eisenhower sends troops |
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Term
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Definition
Recognized as Civil Rights Movement Leader, nonviolent direct action
First Successful organized boycott
Overturned Law |
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Term
| Causes of Civil Rights Movement |
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Definition
1. Legacy of WWII
2. Growth of Urban Black middle Class
3. Television
4. Cold War Implications
5. Voting Power |
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Term
| Dynamic Conservatism (Eisenhower Republicanism) |
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Definition
1. Middle of the Road Philosophy
2. Concentrate on big picture
3. Delegate authority, reconcile divisions |
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Term
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Definition
1. Liberalism
2. Movements |
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Term
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Definition
| Activist presidency and activist government |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to new deal, attack the culture of poverty |
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Term
| Internal Aliens or Exiles |
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Definition
| Anyone who wasn't a part of America |
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Term
| Legacies of Great Society |
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Definition
Failures
1.An increase in federal spending and large budget deficits
2.Disillusionment
Achievements
1.A reduction in hunger and poverty in the U.S.
2.Greater medical assistance for Americans |
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Term
| Flexible Responses/ Multiple Options |
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Definition
| Foreign policy (activist containment policy) causes the cold war to intensify |
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Term
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Definition
| US said they would help invade Cuba but Kennedy pulled out at the last second. Crushift and Soviets saw the US as weak and enhanced their aggression |
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Term
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Definition
- Kennedy stood up for himself and blocked off Cuba
- Only time there was almost a direct diplomatic confrontation |
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Term
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Definition
| - Negotiations over confrontation and begins the new arms race |
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Term
| Presidential Policies (Kennedy) |
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Definition
| Reasonable middle: adapt policy between military assistance and diplomatic resolution. Also has activist presidency and activist government. |
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Term
| Presidential Policies (LBJ) |
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Definition
| Expand limited war because of firm US containment to halt communist expansion with a military "strategy of attrition." Also had activist presidency and activist government. |
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Term
| Presidential Policies (Eisenhower) |
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Definition
| Domino Theory: if one country in South East Asia falls to communism they will all fall. Do't be aggressive in foreign policy and we do not let business dictate policy. |
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Term
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Definition
Felt pressured to expand because:
1. Vietnam wasn't a big problem
2. All you need is a plan
3. North Vietnam is a nobody
4. Munic Analogy (no negotiation with enemy) |
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Term
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Definition
Peace with honor: a strategy of US disengagement without the appearence of a US loss
1. Vietminization; gradual withdraw of troops and south take over
2. Limit Domestic Opposition: creates network of spies
3. Negotiate peace on our terms |
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Term
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Definition
(Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)
In charge of organized protests |
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Term
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Definition
| Greensboro 4 start it at Wolsworth Diner and SNCC help to dismantle discrimination in diners |
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Term
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Definition
| Gained national exposure and created a partnership with whites. Kennedy intervened because the violence was too much |
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Term
| MLK non-violent protests & Birmingham |
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Definition
| Birmingham was the most racist city in the country |
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Term
| March on Washington (I have a Dream...) |
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Definition
| MLK wanted to unite all blacks and create a grand coalition with more white Americans and get congressional legislation support. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| End discrimination and segregation in all public facilities and employment |
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Term
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Definition
| Overturns state laws, create federal registers with federal examinters |
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Term
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Definition
| MLK wanted to create a crisis to other cities, this was not successful because racism and segregation in not applied equally through US. Shows the laws have changed but attitudes and beliefs have not. |
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Term
| De Jure and DeFacto Segregation |
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Definition
Jure- segregation by law (has loopholes)
Facto - Segregation by practice
Was challenged by Chicago in 1966 |
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Term
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Definition
1. White American: frustrated and confused
2. Blacks: attitudes still haven't changed and they are still treated bad |
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Term
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Definition
| Shift from integration to racial distinction. Rejected MLK and violence is ok. They returned to African roots which leads to increasingly divided civil rights movement |
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Term
| Malcolm X and Black Muslims |
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Definition
| Encouraged African Americans to adopt Muslim religion just to separate from white America (Christianity) |
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Term
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Definition
| Most radical/ violent group |
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Term
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Definition
| New Political Warfare and Liberation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Change politics and reform government |
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Term
| Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)/ Student Movement |
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Definition
| Government is corrupt and needs change. End bigotry, create social justice, "Love and creativity over militarism, materialism, and racism." |
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Term
| Counter Culture (Liberation) |
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Definition
| rejecting traditional and middle class values. they rebelled by dressing different, drugs, slang, etc. "It feels good to do it." |
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Term
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Definition
| Vietnam becomes independent, but split North (communism) and South. Prior to split, North Vietnam was cultural and economic center. |
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Term
| Gulf of Tonkin Resolution |
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Definition
| North Vietnamese supposedly attacked US Navy, Johnson used this to declare war |
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Term
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Definition
| Arial bombing was key, afflict as much damage and casualties so communist give up |
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Term
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Definition
| North Vietnamese attacked South, US military victory but a political and psychological defeat |
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Term
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Definition
| America splits into the Doves (antiwar) and the hawks (win war) |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual withdrawal of US troops with South Vietnamese troops taking over |
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