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| A high, multi-storied building style conceived by Louis S. Sullivan built upon his idea that "form follows function". The development of the elevator made the habitation of these buildings possible. |
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| A type of slum building, seven or eight stories high that was named for the outline of its floor plan. There was little ventilation, and several families were forced to share a floor and a bathroom. |
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| A stream of immigration from Europe into the US which swelled in the 1880's, a decade in which 5 million migrants entered the country. The New Immigration came mostly from Italy, Austria-Hungary and Russia as well as Croatia, Slovakia, Greece and Poland. Many immigrants were Orthodox or Jewish. |
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| Immigrants to the US who left after several months or years. They accounted for some 25% of the 20 million immigrants from 1820 to 1900. |
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| A Protestant clergyman who became the pastor of a German baptist church in New York City. |
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| A Protestant clergyman who took over a Congregational church in Columbus, Ohio in 1882 |
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| A creed propounded by Rauschenbusch and Gladden that proposed that churches tackle the social issues that immigration had created. Supporters were regarded by some as "Christian Socialists. |
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| An Illinois woman who was among the first women to graduate from college in America. She acquired and ran Hull House. She was seen by many as a saint, condemning war and poverty - eventually winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. |
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| A school set up by Jane Addams in order to help immigrants acclimate to the US. It had child-care services, English instruction, cultural activities etc. It served as inspiration for like schools across the country, such as the Henry Street Settlement. |
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| A school founded by Lillian Ward to help immigrants; its founding was inspired by Hull House. It doubled as a center for female activism. |
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| A female activist who successfully lobbied for an 1893 anti-sweatshop law that protected women in the workplace and banned child labor in Illinois. She also served for 3 years as secretary of the National Consumers League. |
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| American Protective Association |
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| An anti-foreign organization created in 1887 which rapidly gained a million members. It urged voting against Roman Catholic candidates for office among other things. |
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| An active member of the "social gospel" movement - a liberal Protestant effort. A former shoe salesman, he preached a message of forgiveness and attempted to integrate religion into the modern world. |
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| An urban Catholic leader who was popular with the now dominant Roman Catholic population, and attempted to assist the American labor movement. |
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| A new, band-playing religious denomination that began as an urban movement. It was impactful in charity as well. |
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| The founder of the Church of Christ, Scientist (in 1879) - the second of the two new denominations to arise during this period. She believed that urban sufferers could be relieved by prayer as taught by Christian Science. |
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| The Young Men's and Women's Christian Associations, which were established before the Civil War and taught physical education as well as religious. YMCA and YWCA clubs emerged across the US. |
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| An educational movement launched by Lake Chautauqua in New York which educated adults through public lectures by well-known speakers such as Mark Twain. Chautauqua home-study courses were also available. |
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| An ex-slave and champion of the Southern black education movement, partly through his teaching of black students. He was viewed as an "accommodationist" because his solution to black social issues was not to confront white supremacy directly. |
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| The school founded by Booker T. Washington that trained young blacks in agriculture and trade skills. George Washington Carver joined the faculty in 1896. |
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| A black agricultural chemist who gave a boost to the Southern agricultural economy by finding new uses for the peanut (shampoo, axle grease), sweet potato (vinegar) and soybean (paint). |
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| An African-American spokesperson who was educated at Harvard and founded the NAACP in 1910. He rejected the gradual move towards civil rights for blacks that Booker T. Washington supported. He called for the "talented tenth" of blacks to be given full access to the American lifestyle immediately. |
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| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) |
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| An organization founded in part by William E. B. Du Bois in 1910. |
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| A law that provided a generous grant of public lands to the states for support of education. |
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| An extension of the Morrill Act, this provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connections with the land-grant colleges. Combined with the Morrill Act, this act spawned over a hundred colleges. |
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| A French scientist responsible for the method of pasteurization. He thus helped to further understanding of hygiene, leading the life expectancy in the US to noticeably increase. |
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| This man served for 35 years on the Harvard faculty, establishing the field of behavioral psychology with "Principles of Psychology", exploring the philosophy and psychology of religion and most famously writing "Pragmatism" in which he held that the truth of an idea was bested tested by its practical consequences. |
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| Press which concerns itself with sensational stories, which grew under the hand of Joseph Pulitzer's "New York World" newspaper. |
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| A Hungarian-born, near-blind newspaper tycoon who was a leader in the techniques of sensationalism in St. Louis. |
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| A newspaper magnate who engaged in sensational journalism. He was a ruthless competitor, who drew upon his father's mining millions to build a powerful chain of newspapers starting with the "San Francisco Examiner" in 1887. |
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| The founder of a magazine known as the "Nation", which targeted the most powerful portion of society with a political agenda centered around civil service reform, honesty in government and a modest tariff. |
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| A journalist-author whose treatise "Progress and Poverty" tried to solve the problem of poverty. Supposedly, the pressure of a growing population on a fixed supply of land unjustifiably pushed up property values, favoring the land-owning elite and increasing poverty. He proposed a 100 percent tax on those unfair profits, garnering due protest. |
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| An author who made a fortune from his "dime novels" - lurid paperbacks which were devoured by young readers. |
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| A lawyer-soldier-author who wrote "Ben Hur: A Tale Of The Christ" in 1880 which became a phenomenal success. |
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| A feminist writer who wrote about adultery, suicide and women's ambitions in "The Awakening" -1899. |
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| This famous author began with "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County", and went on to write "The Gilded Age" with Charles Dudley Warner in 1873, and eventually wrote "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer [and Huckleberry Finn]". He was also a prominent lecturer. |
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| A moral crusader who, armed with his eponymous law was able to confiscate 200,000 obscene pictures, 4,000 boxes of pills and proudly claimed that he had driven 15 people to suicide. |
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| A gifted lyric poet whose poetry was not recognized until after her 1886 death, when over a thousand of her poems were discovered. |
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| An author known for nature books such as "The Call of the Wild" (1903), who turned to depicting a fascistic revolution in "The Iron Heel" (1907) |
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| National American Woman Suffrage Association |
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| A feminist organization founded in 1890 to advance the female suffrage movement. Its founders included Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. |
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| A black, female journalist and teacher who inspired black women to mount a nationwide antilynching crusade. She also helped launch the black women's club movement, which culminated in the founding of the NACW in 1896. |
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| Women's Christian Temperance Union |
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| An organization founded in 1874 by women to combat the perceived social problems caused by alcohol in society. |
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| A volunteer-led, humanitarian organization founded in 1881 with Clara Barton at the helm that provides emergency assistance, disaster relief and education inside the United States. |
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| The figurehead of the American Red Cross. |
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| A circus founded by Phineas T. Barnum and James A. Bailey in order to stage the "Greatest Show on Earth" to provide entertainment for a show-hungry audience. |
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