Causes of the Civil War

Free Labor

Internal Slave Trade

Missouri Compromise

-1820: 36*30' line

-Missouri and Maine admitted

-Maine added as a free state to balance out Missouri as slave state 

Manifest Destiny

Henry Clay

-Leader of Natl Rep Party who later became the Whigs

-lost 1844 election to Polk (dem)

-Great Compromiser after the Compromise of 1850 

54*40 or Fight

-Slogan in Polk's 1844 election saying to no longer have joint control over Oregon territory and to take all of the land.

-Oregon treaty.

Wilmot Proviso

-1846: said they wouldn't fund war unless the new land conquered would be free sates

-David Wilmont 

-Ban slavery in gained territory 

-sectional voting (North vs. South)

-Never passed

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

-1848: ended Mexican War

-Mexico recognized US claim to Texas

-US gave $15 million to Mexico for 525,000 sq mi.

-"Mexican Cession" : CA,NE,UT, & parts of AZ, NM, CO, and NY.

Compromise of 1850

-Henry Clay & Millard Fillmore

-California wished to enter as a free state which would offset the 15free:15slave balance.

-the compromise balanced sectional interests

-CA was admitted as free state.

-NM and UT to use "popular sovereignty" to decide (didn't work)

-Mexico gained $15 mill for lost territory

-DC a free territory

-The Fugitive Slave Law was passed (upsetting abolitionists)

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Kansas-Nebraska Act

-idea of "popular sovereignty"

-Democrats lost interest in the North and turned to Proslavery in the south

-whig party died in the south and weakened in the north

-A new Republican Party emerged as an immediate political force, drawing in anti-Nebraska Whigs and Democrats.

Dred Scott v Sandford

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

-The debates were held in seven towns in the state of Illinois: Ottawa on August 21, Freeport on August 27, Jonesboro on September 15,Charleston on September 18, Galesburg on October 7, Quincy on October 13, and Alton on October 15

-The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 were a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate for Senatein Illinois, and incumbent Senator Stephen Douglas, the Democratic Party candidate. At the time, U.S. senators were elected by state legislatures; thus Lincoln and Douglas were trying for their respective parties to win control of the Illinois legislature. The debates previewed the issues that Lincoln would face in the aftermath of his victory in the 1860 presidential election. The main issue discussed in all seven debates was slavery.

John Brown

-an American abolitionist, who advocated and practiced armed insurrection (rebellion) as a means to end all slavery.

-He led the Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856

-Bleeding Kansas and made his name in the unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry in 1859.

1860 Election

-Lincoln v Breckinridge

-

Fort Sumter

-1st battle

-the fort calls for supplies from Pres.Buchanan who ignored it 

-Lincoln got into office and sent unarmed ships (thought armed ships would start to fight)

-Fight starts anyway (confederation on union) and called the start of war

Contrabands of War

Emancipation Proclamation

-Preliminary proclamation issued September 1862

-Freed the slaves in areas not controlled by union (Jan. 1, 1863)

Zero slaves were literally free because the south wasn't going to listen to the north

Colored Regiments

-organized in 1863: 54th Massachusetts

-about 200,000 soldiers

Vicksburg

-"siege of Vicksburg" )Mississippi

-cut confederacy in half 

-last confederate city 

-lasted a few weeks

Battle of Atlanta

-Railroad junction

-1864-65 Sherman's March on the sea

Copperheads

-anti-war northern Democrats

-election of 1864 (Lincoln v McClellan)

Morrill Act

-Federal land grants for higher education

-"Agricultural" and Mechanical" (A &M) universities 

Sherman's March to the Sea

-Ga and Carolinas

-"Total" war: first time army takes war to citizens

Andrew Johnson

-becomes president after Lincoln's assassination

-rescinded secession

-pardoned confederate officers.

Presidential Reconstruction

-(1865-66)

-rescind secession: take it back

-ratify 13th amendent

-pardons for confederate officers and politicians

Charles Sumner

Congressional Reconstruction

-1866 congressional election returned large numbers of “Radical Republicans” determined to ensure greater civil rights for blacks

-reconstruct the South along northern lines.

-Civil Rights Act of 1866

Sherman's Field Order #15

-1865

-"40 acres and a mule"

-Rescinded by Johnson

-Sharcroppers

Freedmen's Bureau

-General Oliver O. Howard (leader)

-Federal Agency for assisting freedmen

-food, healthcare, employment, education, and marriages

Black Codes

Civil Rights Act (1866)

-federal law in the United States declaring that everyone born in the U.S. and not subject to any foreign power is a citizen, without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude

-was vetoed byPresident Andrew Johnson, then passed over his veto by Radical Republicans in Congress

Amendments 13, 14, 15

-13-Freed slaves

-14-Made slaves citizens

-15-Gave slaves the right to vote

Albion W. Tourgee

-Union soldiers

-lawyer, editor, judge in N. Carolina

-A Fools Errand, But one of the Fools (1879)

-Oppressed KKK

Elections of 1872 and 1876

-Grant (Rep) vs Greenley (Dem/Liberal Rep): who wants to get economy going (not racial equality)

-Led to "Redemption": Southern whites desire to take back political places: beginning of Reconstructions end

-1876: Hayes (Rep) vs Tilden (Dem): 20 disputed electoral votes; fraud in FL, LA, & SC; Tilden needed 1, Hayes needed 20; bargin: all electoral votes awarded to Hayes: Hayes ends military occupancy of the former confederacy

Chinese Exclusion Act

Glided Age Cities and Industry

-c.1870-1890

-Industrial America

-Chinese Exclusion Act

-"Gentleman's Agreement" with Japan

Ellis Island and Immigration

-Immigrants come to Ellis Island

-take various tests

Vertical/Horizontal Integration

-Vert.: Buy out competition

-Hori.:Buy all parts of the process of making a product

Amendments 16, 17, 18, 19

-16-income taxes

-17-direct election of senators

-18-prohibition

-19-women's suffrage

AFL

Jacob Riis

-helped with the implementation of "model tenements"

-Danish American social reformer, muckraking journalist and social documentary photographer. He is known for his dedication to using his photographic and journalistic talents to help the impoverished in New York City

Frederick Law Olmsted

-Father of American landscape architecture

-designed Central Park

Social Settlements

Pure Food and Drug Act

-June 30, 1906

-The Act arose due to public education and exposés from Muckrakers such as Upton Sinclair and Samuel Hopkins Adams, social activist Florence Kelley, researcher Harvey W. Wiley, and President Theodore Roosevelt.

-The Pure Food and Drug Act required that certain specified drugs, including alcohol, cocaine, heroin, morphine, and cannabis, be accurately labeled with contents and dosage.

NCAA

W.E.B. Du Bois

-increased political representation for blacks in order to guarantee civil rights

-the formation of a Black elite that would work for the progress of the African American race

Ida B. Wells

-documented the extent of lynching in the United States, and was also active in thewomen's rights movement and the women's suffrage movement.

-African American journalist, newspaper editor and, with her husband, newspaper owner Ferdinand L. Barnett, an early leader in the civil rights movement.

NAACP

Booker T. Washington

-Tuskegee Institute

-work to get to the top

Plessy v Ferguson

Emilio Aguinaldo

-Aguinaldo became the Philippines' first President. He was also the youngest (at age 29) to have become the country's president, and the longest-lived (having survived to age 94).

-Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. He played an instrumental role during the Philippines' revolution against Spain, and the subsequent Philippine-American War that resisted American occupation.

Spanish-American War

-Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines

-U.S. destroyed weak Spanish military

-Treaty of Paris, 1898: Spain ceded US many of its imperial possessions to US [including Pue Ric and Phili]

-Platt Amendment 1901 (Cuban Constitution): American troops would only leave and say gone it Cuba followed American regulation.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

-His concept of "sea power" was based on the idea that the most powerful navy will control the globe

-The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 

Big Stick Diplomacy

Panama Canal