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| English philosopher who published the pamphlet Common Sense in 1776, encouraging Americans to declare their independence |
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| American statesman who presented a resolution to Congress in 1776 calling for the colonies to declare their independence |
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| English political thinker who promoted the "social contract" theory of government; believed that the law of nature is reason; his works, particularly his Two Treatises on Government, greatly influenced the American colonists |
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| English political thinker who believed that the law of nature is the will of God; his Commentaries on the Laws of England also had an important influence on the American colonists |
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| led the colonial army to victory; presided over the Constitutional Convention; served as the first President of the U.S. |
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| French general who became a close and valuable aid to General Washington |
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| Prussian general who helped Washington drill his troops into a disciplined army |
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| German general who helped the patriots and gave his life for the cause of American freedom |
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| Polish generals who helped the patriots; Pulaski gave his life for American freedom |
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| appointed by Congress to be superintendent of finance in 1781; obtained a much-needed loan from France |
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| Polish Jew who helped Morris obtain French loans and donated his own money to patriot leaders |
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| British general who captured New York City in 1776 |
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| Admiral Lord Richard Howe |
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| William Howe's brother; aided his brother in the capture of New York |
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| young American schoolteacher who was hanged by the British for spying |
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| British general who surrendered to Washington at Yorktown |
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| British general who surrendered to patriot general Horatio Gates at Saratoga |
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| British colonel who was routed by settlers under the command of patriot general Nicholas Herkimer at the Battle of Oriskany |
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| General Nicholas Herkimer |
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| led a patriot force to victory over British Colonel St. Leger at the Battle of Oriskany |
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| led patriot forces to victory over General Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga |
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| British general who replaced Sir William Howe as commander of the British forces in America |
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| nickname for Mary Ludwig, who took her husband's place at a cannon in the Battle of Monmouth after he fell |
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| patriot leader who captured the British forts at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes |
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| Mohawk chief who helped the British in the American War for Independence |
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| American naval hero and captain of the Bonhomme Richard; known for his famous reply, "I have not yet begun to fight." |
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| American naval hero known for capturing British warships |
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| patriot general known for his reckless courage; recaptured the American fort at Stony Point |
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| patriot leader called the Swamp Fox; led Southern militiamen against the British |
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| patriot general called the Fighting Game Cock; led Southern militiamen |
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| patriot general called the Fighting Game Cock; led Southern militiamen |
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| American general called the Fighting Quaker; regained the South for the patriot cause |
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| patriot leader who turned traitor and plotted to surrender the fort at West Point |
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| British accomplice to Arnold in his treachery |
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| French admiral who blocked the entrance to Chesapeake Bay, preventing Cornwallis from receiving any help by sea |
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| French general who reinforced Washington's army with 5,000 French troops as the patriots marched to Yorktown |
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| petition sent by the Continental Congress in July 1775 appealing to King George III to come to reasonable terms |
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| Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms |
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| declaration sent by the Continental Congress in July 1775 to King George III stating their resolve to take up arms to defend American liberty |
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| act of Parliament in December 1775, which prohibited all, trade with the colonies and provided for the confiscation of their ships |
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| German mercenaries from the state of Hesse hired by George III to fight the colonists |
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| pamphlet published by Thomas Paine in January 1776; encouraged Americans to declare their independence |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| America's official declaration of independence from Britain; issued July 4, 1774, by the Continental Congress; considered the most important human statement of political principles in the history of the world |
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| nickname for patriots; borrowed from those in Britain who opposed a strong monarchy |
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| also called Tories; those who remained loyal to the king |
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| (777) patriot victory in which American settlers under General Herkimer routed British troops under Colonel St. Leger in New York |
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| (1777) patriot victory in which American troops under General Gates defeated British troops under General Burgoyne in New York; considered the turning point in America's War for Independence |
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| (1778) took place in New Jersey when Washington tried to stop Sir Henry Clinton before he reached New York City |
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| private vessels commissioned by Congress or the state governments and equipped with guns to attack British ships |
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| the ship of American naval hero John Paul Jones |
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| Battle of King's Mountain |
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| (1780) patriot victory, which prevented a British invasion of North Carolina |
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| (1781) patriot victory in which General Cornwallis surrendered to General Washington and American independence was secured |
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| officially ended the American War for Independence in 1783 |
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| Washington captured 1,000 Hessian troops at Trenton in December 1776, and he defeated British troops at Princeton in January 1777 |
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| (Pennsylvania) where Washington attempted to stop Howe's army before it captured Philadelphia in September 1777 |
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| (Pennsylvania) where Washington tried again to overcome Howe's army in October 1777 but was defeated |
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| (Pennsylvania) where Washington and his men spent the winter of 1777-1778 |
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| (New York) American fort recaptured by patriots under General "Mad Anthony" Wayne in 1779 in one of the most daring moves of the war |
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| (Virginia) where Cornwallis surrendered to Washington in October 1781, virtually assuring American independence |
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| the date the Declaration of Independence was adopted |
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| three patriot advantages in the war |
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| They knew the land and already possessed most of it; they fought to protect their homes and families or fought for the principle of freedom; they had experienced military leaders; they had valuable foreign aid, particularly from France |
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| three patriot disadvantages in the war |
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| They lacked unity and cooperation; they were short on funds; they had a difficult time maintaining an army. |
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| five European military leaders who aided the patriot cause |
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| Marquis de Lafayette of France, Baron von Steuben of Prussia, Baron de Kalb of Germany, Kosciusko and Pulaski of Poland |
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| the state the British hoped to capture in order to divide the colonies |
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| the that is considered to be the turning point in the war |
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| "I have not yet begun to fight!" |
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| John Paul Jones's reply to the British commander who asked him to surrender |
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| "Swamp Fox"; "Fighting Game Cock"; "Fighting Quaker" |
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| the nicknames given to Francis Marion, Thomas Sumter, and Nathanael Greene |
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| the foreign nation who aided the patriot cause the most |
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| "The World Turned Upside Down" |
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| the song played by the British band during Britain's surrender at Yorktown |
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| Staten Island, Long Island |
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| The islands that the British crossed before pursuing Washington from New York to New Jersey |
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| The battles fought in New Jersey |
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| Camden, King's Mountain, Cowpens |
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| the battles fought in South Carolina |
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