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| a person who lives in a country where he or she is not a citizen. |
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| a person from a foreign nation who has established permanent residence in the US |
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| a person from a foreign country who expects to stay in the United States for a short, specified period of time |
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| a person living in the US who is a citizen of a nation with which the US is at war. |
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| people fleeing their nation to escape persection or danger. |
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| a person who comes to the US without a legal permit |
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| genral pardon the Governor offers to illigal aliens |
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| a law that applies to a particlar person |
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| the legal process by which a person is granted the rights ans privileges of a citizen. |
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| enslaved African American in 1857 who sued his slaveholder's widow for his freedom, claiming that his earlier residence in a free state and a free territory made him free. He was not allowed citizenship. This led to the Civil War. |
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| overruled the Dred Scott decision 1868. It clearly established what constitutes citizenship at both the national and state levels of government. |
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| Latin Phrase meaning "law of the soil" which grants citizenship to nearly all people born in US or American territories |
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| "law of blood" is the birth to an American parent or parents called automatic citizenship |
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| Collective Naturalization |
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| whole group of people living in the same geographic area become American citizens through an act of Congress |
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| Giving up one's citizenship by leaving one's native country to live in a foreign country. |
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| loss of citizenship through fraud or deception during the naturalization process or joining a Communist or totalitarian organization |
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| the right of the person to secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures |
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| any illegally obtained evidence, no matter how incriminating, cannot be used in a federal court |
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| the right to have assitance of counsel for defence |
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| no one "shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself" |
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| testifying against oneself |
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| a person can not be tried twice for the same crime. |
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| forbids "cruel and unusual punishments", the only constitutional provision specifically limiting penalities in criminal cases |
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| the Court will uphold a state law when the state can show a good reason to justify the classification |
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| crimes motivated by prejudice |
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| made on the basis of race or natinal origin and are "subject to strict judicial scrutiny" |
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| a basic right of the American system or one that is indispensable in a just system |
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| unfair treatment of individuals based solely on their race, gender, ethnic group, age,physical disability, or religion |
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| treating members of a race differently simply because of race |
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| Separation of people from the larger soical group |
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| required segregation in such places as schools, public transportation, and hotels |
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| Separate but equal doctrine |
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| was used for the excuse for segregation for the next 50 years |
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| Several worked to together to end segregation by holding "sit-ins" |
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| policies that directly or indirectly award jobs, contracts, promotions, admission to schools, and training to minorites and woman. |
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| situation where a qualified individual loses out to an individual chosen because of their race, ethincity, or gender |
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| Security Classification System |
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| provides that information on government activities related to natinal security ans foreign policy may be kept secret |
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| a summary record of the meeting must be kept |
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1. freedom of speech and assembly
2. public education
3. may own property
4. must pay taxes and obey laws
5. cannot vote
6. not free to move about US |
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1.considered countires of origin into account
2.to admit more highly skilled and educated immigrants
3. limit immigrants from one single country
4. allows for special immigrants who are displaced by war, close relatives of US Citizens, or those admitted through private laws passed by Congress |
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| "Consent of the governed" |
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| Government draws its power from the people it serves to secure their fundamental rights and equality under the law. |
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1. pay taxes
2. obey laws
3. stay loyal to the government
4. responsiblity to stay informed
5. vote
6. respect the rights and property of others
7. respect the opinions and ways of life of others |
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| Two ways for Citizenship by Birth |
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1. Birth on American soil- jus soli
2. Birth to one or both parents who is an american citizen- jus sanguinis |
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| Three forms of Expariation |
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1. Treason
2. Rebellion
3. Overthrow |
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| duty to speak out against injustice |
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| 4th amendment- police must obtain a warrent by stating probable cause |
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| the evidence obtained in violation of a defenant's rights can be used at trial if the proscecutor show that the eveidence would have enventually been discobered by legal means. |
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| Police may search a car if they have some eveidence that there may be something illegal inside. |
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| High school officials do not need a warrent to search personal belonging of High School students, including lockers, if they suspect they can prove a student has broken a school rule. |
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| must have a warrent to wiretap |
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| Protected aganist Self-incrimintaion |
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| Protected against Double Jeopardy |
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| Protected against Cruel & Unusual Punishment |
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| was found unconsituitional under the 8th Amendment of Cruel and Unusual punishment |
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| needed clarification if it was going to be used. It is an extreme saction suitable to the most of extreme crimes. |
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1. Freedom to Vote
2. Freedom to Travel Freely
3. Freedom of Speech
4. Freedom of Press
5. Freedom of Assembly
6. Freedom of Religion |
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| Immigration and Naturalisation Service is in chrage of concerns and regulations of immigrants. |
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| What state has the most immigrants? |
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| Which state is second with the most immigrants? |
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| Who has the power to control immigration policy? |
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| allowed separte but equal facilities for blacks and whites |
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| Browns sued Topecka school district becuase segregated schools could never be equal. Segregated schools were declared unconsitutional. |
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| gave women the right to vote in 1920 |
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| Discrimination to women were raised in what catagories? |
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1. Employment
2. Buying Housing
3. Credit policies |
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| What do citizens have the right to know? |
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| what the government is doing Citizens cannot make intelligent judgments about the government's actions unless they have adequate information. |
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| Is information that the government does not want the people to know and is kept secret through the security classification system. |
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| Freedom of Information ACT |
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| requires federal agencies to provide citizens access to public records on request. |
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| requires that many government meetings to be open to the public. |
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| Family Educational Rights and Privacy ACT |
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| allows people to inspect information about themselves in federal agency files and to challenge, correct, or admend materials they find. it also protects access to files from outsiders without proper permission. |
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| Mental health providers are not required to disclose contents of therapy sessions. |
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| Fair Credit Reporting ACT |
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| controll the collection and distribution of information |
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| a Baptist minister, led nonviolent protest marches and demonstartions against segregation. He understood the importance of using the courts to win equal rights and sougt to stir the nation's conscience. |
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