Term
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Definition
| Natural aging, may forget events or names but don't have problems with functions like dressing themselves, eating, brush teeth |
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Term
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Definition
this is hard to diagnose when patients are living, lesions that destroy the brain, most common, 4th leading cause of death by disease, less than 1% of the cases are inherited
cerebral areas are thinning out, ventricles are larger, and areas that control memory, personality, abstract thinking are all affected |
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Term
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Definition
| less than 10% many have down syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
after the age of 65 50% of people 90 or above have this
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Term
| how much has it cost healthcare |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive change is this stage- short term memory loss, problem with wound finding, forget names, may like to wear the same clothes every day. |
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Term
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Definition
| personality changes in this stage; become very passive, upset very quickly, or don't seem to care about anything |
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Term
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Definition
| functional changes at the stage; appear vague, they will get ready for church on a wednesday, or get up for work, should not be driving |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive changes at this stage- difficult time doing calculations, memorey recall is bad, more forgetful start to lose learned behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Personality changes at this stage; self absorbed, lack of interest in surrounding |
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Term
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Definition
| Function at this stage; lose the ability to get dress, brushing teeth, sleep distrubances, neglect hygiene |
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Term
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Definition
| Cognitive changes at this stage; judgment is seriously flawed, ask the same quesitns over and over again |
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Term
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Definition
| personality changes at this stage; disoriented to time and place, as the same questions, lethargic, hyperactivity |
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Term
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Definition
| functional changes at this stage; need lots of help with ADLs need protection and supervision at this point may begin to wander |
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Term
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Definition
| Cognitive changes at this stage; unable to speak, can't read or write,dont see anyone familiar, can't even tell you who they are if they look in the mirror |
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Term
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Definition
| personalilty changes at this stage; hallucinations,can be very violent |
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Term
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Definition
| functional changes at this stage; total inability to care for themselves, may compulsively touch things, may not be able to use the bathroom at all, need to be supervised |
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Term
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Definition
| History, MRO, physcial exam, interview family, best way to tell is the autopsy after death |
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Term
Pathologic changes
(gross brain) |
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Definition
- There is a decrease in the brains weight and thickness of the cortex, the cerebral cortex is atrophied
- the white matter is shrunken
- the ventricles are enlarged
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Term
Pathologic changes
Loss of ACH |
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Definition
- there is a loss of cholinergic neurons which affect the hyppocampal area first
- next it effects occipital, frontal, parietal, temporal lobes
- loss of cholinergic nueron results in loss of ACH and enzyme choline acetyltransferase.
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Term
| loss of Cholinergic neurons |
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Definition
| what affects the hippocampal area first? |
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Term
| loss of ACh and the enzyme choline acetyltransferase (CAT) |
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Definition
| loss of cholinergic neurons resluts in? |
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Term
| Choline acetyltransferase (CAT) |
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Definition
| this synthesizes AC; may be 50% less than normal |
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Term
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Definition
| this is a neurotransmitter required for commuication between cortical/neuronal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| beta amyloid plaques, recognized in autopsy |
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Term
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Definition
| this develops in ECF space and are found in the hippocampus and other cognitive areas |
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Term
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Definition
| this is aprotein that is snipped during metabolism from a larger protein called amyloid precursor protein, or APP |
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Term
| APP (amyloid precursor protein) |
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Definition
| transmembrane protein- normally it is snipped in the middle, but in alzheimers it is broken in the 40 and 42 amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| more soluble, generally not a problem, aggregates slowly |
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Term
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Definition
| outside cell and more dangerous, less soluble, quickly aggregates, picks up dead neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| these are abnormal protein twisted into threads found inside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| What is a major component of the neurofibrillary tangles? |
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Term
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Definition
is known as a MAP which helps to stabilize the cells skeleton
is the key protein utilized in cellular transportation, is present in the normal brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the cells cytoskelton takes on phosphorus and this becomes phosphorylated, develops tangles and is inable to provide stabilization from the cytoskeleton transport system breaks down-- energy balance is altered |
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Term
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Definition
| these are closely related to the degree of dementia a person with alzheimers exbits more so then the presence of amyloid plaques! |
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Term
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Definition
| if we live long enough we may develop it, females are more likely to get it, down syndrome, patients why have had brain injuries, thyroid disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes that are effected? |
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Term
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Definition
| defective gene that may cause familial alzheimers, faulty protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| late onset of alzheimer, may inherit 2 copoes of ALP protein |
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Term
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Definition
| down syndrome, 3 copies, over production of APP |
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Term
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Definition
| estrogen (ERT), anti-inflammaotry drugs, anti-oxidant drugs, cholinesterase inhibitors |
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Term
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Definition
| protective properties, may delay onset, women have had this for 1 year post medapause had a decreased risk by almost 80% also comes with problems like cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| like ibprophen, NSAIDS, can decrease but there are no good studies, come with bad things too like infections, not healing as fast as they could |
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Term
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Definition
selegiline -depranyal
vitamin E- evidience that is diminishes free radical damage |
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Term
| Cholinesterase inhibitors |
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Definition
in alzheimers a deficiency of acidalcoline and throught that these owuld make more available ACH thought the help with the break down
exelon, aricept, cognex |
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Term
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Definition
| be patient, reorientate ( let them know the day, weather, and whats going on in the day) avoid to much pressure on the patient, accommodate to changing moods, keep environment very simple, routines are very important, provide support |
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Term
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Definition
beta amyloid aid in the transport of choline across cell membranes, AD patient exhibit deficiency of the NT choline- perhaps there is a link between the plaques and the dying off of chollinergic neurons
beta-amyloid plaques also may interrupt potassium channels that will affect calcium levels in cells- to much calcium in cells can lead to dealth |
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