Term
Theories of Aging
biological clock theory |
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Definition
| suggests life span and longevity changes are PREDETERMINED |
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Term
Theories of Aging
Error Theory |
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Definition
biological theory
-genetic mutations are responsible for agins
--cause organ decline as a result of self-perpetutating cellular mutations |
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Term
Theories of Aging
immunity theory |
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Definition
biological theory
-age related decline in immune system
--- increased susceptibility to diease ie cancer
-rise in body's autoimmune response
---increase in diseased such as RA, inc in allergies |
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Term
Theories of Aging
Cross Linkage theory |
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Definition
biological theory
-as ppl age DNA and ptns develop inappropriate attachments or cross-links to one another
-results in RIIGID, FRAGILE tissues and DEC ELASTICITY
--ex: cataracts, wrinkles and atherosclerosis |
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Term
Theories of Aging
Free Radical Theory |
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Definition
Biological Theory
-free radicals are toxic by products of normal cell metab
-antioxidants nutrilize
-free radicals damage DNA, PTN and mitochondira
---accumulates over time |
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Term
Theories of Aging
Neuroendocrine theory |
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Definition
aging results from the slowing of secretion of certain hormones
-pit gland, thyroid, adrenals, ect
---linked to biological clock theory |
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Term
Theories of Aging
Continuity Theory |
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Definition
developmental theory
-the degree to which a pt maintains habits, beliefs and values
-predicts the adjustment to aging |
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Term
Theories of Aging
Activity Theory |
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Definition
activity offsets the effects of aging
-staying active allows for successful aging |
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Term
Theories of Aging
disengagement theory |
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Definition
process of withdrawal by older adults from societal roles and responsibility
-predictable process
-orderly transfer of power |
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Term
Theories of Aging
developmental task theory |
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Definition
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Term
| memory function decline in elderly populations is associated with what hormone? |
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Definition
cortisol! stress hormone
--can reverse when levels return to normal |
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Term
| how is learning ability affected by age? |
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Definition
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Term
| how are personality traits affected by age? |
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Definition
little changes
UNLESS dementia |
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Term
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Definition
-grief and loss
-attachment and disengagement
-dealing with death
-psychiatric disorders |
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Term
| what is life satisfaction related to in the elderly? |
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Definition
quality of social support
-most cultures share same basic needs of elderly |
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Term
| basic needs and interests of aging pts |
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Definition
-live as long as possible
-release from physical tasks and hazard
-safegaurd skills, possessions and rights/authority
-withdrawn when needed |
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Term
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Definition
dec in sexual activity (related to lack of partner)
interest and ability might not decline
sexual behaviors and beliefs dont change |
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Term
| when do coping mechanisms fail? |
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Definition
| when a person is unable to carry out ADLs independently |
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Term
Functional assessment
ADLS |
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Definition
-bathing
-grooming
-toileting
-transferring
-nutrition |
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Term
functional assessment
IADLS |
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Definition
instrumental ADLS
-shopping
-preparing meals
-getting around
-house keeping
-laundry
-medication usage
-telephone usage
-financial management |
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Term
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Definition
a mental state characterized by a disturbance of cognition
-manifested by confusion, excitement, disorientation, and clouding of consciousness.
-hallucinations and illusions common |
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Term
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Definition
organic brain disorder
--wide spread cerebral dysfunction
acute onset, reversible causes, brief duration
--common in the hospital |
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Term
delirium
predisposing factors |
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Definition
-systemic infection
-metabolic disorders (hypoxia, hypercarb, hypogly)
-fluid or electrolyte imbalance
-hepatic/renal disease
-thiamine deficiency
-post op state
-encephalopathy
-head trauma |
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Term
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Definition
-withdraw all Rx
---needed meds: antipsychotic or benzo
-correct physiological problems
--anemia, dehydration, electrolytes, nutrition
-reduce agitation
-client safety |
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Term
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Definition
loss of previous levels of cognitive, executive and memory function in a state of full alertness
-persistent
-memory, language, visual spatial skills, emotion/personality and cognition |
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Term
Dementia
primary v secondary |
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Definition
primary: major sign of organic brain disease
--not connected to another illness
secondary: caused or related to another disease process
--head trauma or HIV |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inability to carry out motor function |
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Term
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Definition
-impaired abstract thinking, judgment or impulse control
-disregard of societal rules
-neglect of personal hygiene
-possible language defect
-gradual and chronic |
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Term
Vascular Dementia (VD)
cause
background |
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Definition
cause: significant interruption of cerebral vascular blood flow
-second most common form
-more abrupt
-men >women
-several small strokes!!! |
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Term
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Definition
secondary Dementia
rates declined with antiretroviral therapy
immune dysfunction= viral infection of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
amnesia is common and may be permanent
also increased odds with increased incident of injury
--boxing and football |
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Term
| Dementia d/t Lewy Body Disease |
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Definition
similar to alz (DAT) but more rapid
-earlier hallucinations and parkinsons
eosinophilic inclusions of cerebral cortex and brain stem
----watch out for use of antiphychotic meds -inc EPS |
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Term
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Definition
most parkinsons pts will develop
-from loss of nerve cells in substantia nigra
--dec dopamine activity
-similar to alz |
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Term
| Dementia d/t huningtions disease |
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Definition
mendelian gene transfer
-basal ganglia and cerebral cortex damage
---EARLY ONSET 30-50 yrs
-gradual decline into dementia and ataxia |
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Term
| Dementia d/t Picks Disease |
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Definition
genetic factor
initial manifestation: personality change not memory
frontal and temporal lobe involvement |
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Term
| Dementia d/t Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease |
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Definition
neurodegenerative disease- slow virus (prion)
-dementia and movement disorder
-40-60 year olds
---rapid death from dx: 2 yrs |
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Term
Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type
(DAT) |
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Definition
most common!
slow and degenerative
-degradation of gray matter (memory and cognition)
-DEC ACH and other neurotransmitters |
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Term
DAT
early onset v late onset |
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Definition
early: 65 years old or younger
late: over 65
when sx first occur |
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Term
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Definition
Ach deficiency
plaques and tangles- beta-amyloid ptn
head trauma
-women> men
genetic link: TREM2 and ApoE4 |
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Term
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Definition
no apparent sx
no decine in memory |
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Term
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Definition
forgetfulness
-lose things and forget names
-aware of change and ashamed
---maintain organizational lists to help |
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Term
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Definition
mild cognitive decline
-interference with work performance
-get lost while driving car
-dec concentration
-unable to plan or organize
-forgets names and words |
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Term
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Definition
mild-moderate cog decline and confusion
-forgets major events in personal hx
--ie her bday or childrens bday
-dec IADLs
--unable to shop, understand daily news or personal finance
---confabulation: bridging gaps in memory with made up events |
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Term
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Definition
moderate cognitive decline and early dementia
-dec some ADLs ie hygiene
-forgets names of family and their numbers/addresses
-disoriented to place and time possible
---frustration, withdraw and self consumption |
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Term
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Definition
mod-severe cognitive decline and middle dementia
-unable to recall recent major life events
-unable to recall name of spouse
-disorientation to surroundings
--day, season, or year
-no ADL's
-incontinence
-wandering, OCD, agitation and agression
----sundowning!!
----institutional care required |
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Term
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Definition
severe cognitive decline and late dementia
-unable to recognize family
-bed fast and aphasic
-hand motion and words repeated |
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Term
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Definition
only through biopsy and autopsy
--CT/MRI will detect change
must rule out other causes of dementia |
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Term
Pharmacological treatment of DAT
cholinersterase inhibitors |
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Definition
enhance cognitive function
-Aricept (all stages)
-Reminyl (mild-moderate)
-Exelon (mild-moderate)
-Cognex (liver damage) |
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Term
Pharmacological treatment of DAT
glutamate blocker |
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Definition
enhance cognitive function
-Namenda (moderate to severe) |
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Term
Pharmacological treatment of DAT
Antipsychotic agents |
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Definition
dec agitation, agression, hallucination and wandering
-Haldol
-Risperdal
-seroquel
-Zyprexa |
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Term
Pharmacological treatment of DAT
Depression meds |
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Definition
Zoloft -SSRI
Paxil -SSRI
nortriptyline -TCA |
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Term
other
Pharmacological treatment of DAT |
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Definition
anti-anxiety: benzos
sedatives
ginkgo biloba
NSAIDs- dont work
Vit E- anti oxidant |
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Term
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Definition
inability to retain (short term) or recall past experiences (longterm).
-tep or permanent depending on cause |
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Term
| amnesia affect on abstract thinking and judgement |
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Definition
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Term
| amnesia effect on emotion |
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Definition
apathy
emotional blandness
lack of initiative |
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Term
| amnesia effect on personality |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
place and time
mostly not to person |
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Term
| amnesia caused by select general medical conditions |
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Definition
-head trauma
- CVD
-herpes simplex encephailitis
-poor insulin control |
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Term
| amnesia related to substance |
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Definition
alcohol
sedatives
meds: anticonvulsants methotrexate?
lead, murcery, carbon monoxide |
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Term
| interventions for dementia and amnesia |
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Definition
client safety
eliminiate cause
dec stressors
provide structure and pattern and meaning
interpersonal trusting relationships
eye contact, one step commands |
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Term
| caregiver education regarding dementia and amnesia |
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Definition
disease process
open to psychosocial realities of homecare setting
encourage to seek legal advice PRN
effective communication skills
behavioral strategies and
environmental modifications
also educate about outside assistance |
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Term
| which group has higher prevalence of depression older or younger adults |
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Definition
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Term
| psychotherapy for depression in elderly |
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Definition
one to one or group
-cognitive-behavioral therapy
-interpersonal therapy
-brief focal dynamic therapy |
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Term
| reminiscence therapy for depression in elderly |
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Definition
a process of life review by elderly individuals
-promotes self-esteem
-provides assistance in working through unresolved conflicts
-allows client to reflect on guilt and regrets |
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Term
| drug class of choice for elder depression |
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Definition
SSRI
because of dec in s/e |
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Term
estimated elder abuse and neglect
most at risk |
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Definition
10% of ppl over 65
white female over 75 yrs
mentally or physically impaired
needs> caretaker ability |
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Term
elder abuse types
what type is restraint? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of elder abuse is silence or social isolation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| failure to do the obviously necessary things that a person cannot perform independently |
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Term
| what type of abuse is misuse or theft of possessions |
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Definition
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Term
| sx of psychological abuse |
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Definition
depression
withdrawal
anxiety
sleep disorders
increased confusion and agitation |
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Term
| rights of nursing home residents |
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Definition
protection against medicaid discrimination
participate in healthcare deicisions
-give or withhold informed consent
safeguards to reduce need fro physical and chemical restraint
provisions to ensure proper transfers and d/c
full access to personal physician
to be free from all abuse |
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