Details Title: Age of European Imperialism Description: n/a Total Flash Cards: 69 Created: 12/06/2008 15:14:23		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Geography Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Imperialism Definition the political, social, and/or economic domination of an area and its people for the benefit of the dominating people and at the expense of those who are being controlled; the process often involves colonization, or the creation of spheres of influence During the 1800s-1900s: The COnquerors: England, France, Belgium, Japan, Netherlands, Germany, United States The conquered: Asia and Africa Term motives for imperialism Definition the three "g"'s : Goods, Glory, and God industrial demands ethnocentrism/racism Term Nian Rebellion Definition 1851-1868 rebellion in Northeast China reflected increasing poverty and discontent of the Chinese peasantry Term spheres of influence Definition areas controlled by foreign merchants example: China Term Meiji Reforms Definition confiscation and redistribution of land, creation of a civil service system open to all, reduction of samurai privileges, creation of a centralized police force open to all, modernization of the military, government investment in industry Term Suez Canal Definition constructed 1859-1869 in Egypt facilitated the building and maintenance of empires by enabling rapid transportation Term The Great Game Definition nineteenth-century competition between Great Britain and Russia for the control of central Asia Term Siam Definition modern Thailand preserved its independence largely because colonial officials regarded it as a convenient buffer state between British-dominated Burma and French Indochina Term Omdurman Definition The battle fought between Britain and Sudan on the Nile River, 1898 example of the military superiority of Europe Term indentured labor Definition labor source for plantations; wealthy planters would pay the laboring poor to sell a portion of their working lives in exchange for passage Term Opium Trade Definition Great Britain profited a lot Trade was illegal, but it continued unabated for decades. drained large quantities of silver bullion from China, and created serious social problems in southern China Term Grand Canal Definition linked the Yangzi and Yellow river valleys in China 1842 (during the Opium Wars), a British armada of ships advanced up the Yangzi River. Resulted in the Chinese government suing for peace. Term zaibatsu Definition Japanese term for "wealthy cliques" usually organized around one family resulted from the Meiji government selling most of its enterprises to private investors who had close ties to government officials Term Dutch East India Company Definition established Cape Town in 1652 on the southern tip of Africa as a supply station for ships en route to Asia Term Cape Colony Definition Colony located at the southern tip of Africa and owned by the Dutch East India Company captured by Britain during the Napoleonic Wars Term Singapore Definition Founded in 1824 by Thomas Stamford Raffles, the port of Singapore quickly became the busiest center of trade in the Strait of Melaka. Term "scramble for Africa" Definition the European powers' frenzied quest for empire in the African continent Term Boers/Afrikaners Definition originally European migrants or former Dutch East Indian Company employees who had settled into lands beyond company control to take up farming and ranching believed that God had predestined them to claim the people and resources of the Cape Term Monroe Doctrine Definition American doctrine issued in 1823 during the presidency of James Monroe that warned Europeans to keep their hands off Latin America. Term Muslim League Definition established in 1906 with the encouragement of the British government dedicated to achieving independence for India worried that Hindu oppression and continued subjugation of India's substantial Muslim minority might replace British rule. Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948), head of the Muslim League, proposed two states, one Hindu, one Muslim. Term British East India Company Definition British joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India. It possessed its own armed forces (a small British army and a large number of Indian troops known as sepoys). Term Qing Dynasty Definition Chinese Dynasty (1644-1911) The Opium War, Unequal Treaties, The Taiping Rebellion, The Self-Strengthening Movement, Spheres of Influence, The Hundred Days Reforms, The Boxer Rebellion Caught between aggressive foreigners and insurgent rebels, Qing authorities developed reform programs to maintain social order, strengthen the state, and preserve the Qing Dynasty. However, the reforms had limited effect. Term Treaty of Nanjing Definition The first of China's unequal treaties, which curtailed China's sovereignty. 1842, Treaty of Nanjing ceded Hong Kong Island in perpetuity to Britain, opened five Chinese ports to commerce and residence, compelled the Qing government to extend most-favored-nation status to Britain, and granted extraterritoriality to British subjects Term The Taiping Rebellion Definition Rebellion (1850-1864) in Qing China led by Hong Xiuquan, during which twenty to thirty million were killed. The rebellion was symbolic of the decline of China during the nineteenth century. Term Meiji Restoration Definition Restoration of imperial rule in Japan under Emperor Meiji in 1868 by a coalition led by Fukuzawa Yukichi and Ito Hirobumi; the restoration enacted western reforms to strengthen Japan. brought an end to the Tokugawa shogunate, centralized political power, disbanded the old social order, revamped the tax system, established a constitutional monarchy with a legislature (the Diet), and remodeled the economy to improve national strength Term Cohong system Definition Cohong : specially licensed Chinese firms that were under strict government regulation In 1759 the Qianlong emperor restricted the European commercial presence in China to the waterfront at Guangzhou. Foreign merchants could only deal with cohongs. Term technology (i.e. Enfield rifles) Definition In 1857 sepoy regiments recieved new Enfield rifles that fired bullets from cartridges, which came in paper waxed with animal fat. Both Hindu and Muslim sepoys were offended by the British disregard of their religions. led to the Sepoy rebellion Term French Indochina Definition large southeast Asia colony built between 1859 and 1893. French colonial officials introduced European-style schools, sought to establish close ties with native elites, and encouraged conversion to Christianity. Term Congo Free State Definition colony established in the basin of the Congo River by Henry Morton Stanley free-trade zone accessible to all European lands brutal working conditions, high taxes, and abuses resulted in the death of four to eight million Africans Term Khoikhoi and Xhusa Definition Competition over land between Cape Colony settlers and the indigenous Khoikhoi and Xhusa peoples led to hostility, resulting in the virtual extinction of the two indigenous peoples. Term Roosevelt Corollary Definition In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt (in office 1901-1909) added the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine because of increasing interests in Latin America (Panama Canal). exerted the U.S. right to intervene in the domestic affairs of nations within the hemisphere if they demonstrated an inability to maintain the security deemed necessary to protect U.S. investments. Term Indian National Congress Definition founded in 1885, with British approval, as a forum for educated Indians to communicate their views on public affairs to colonial officials by the end of the nineteenth century, the congress openly sought Indian self-rule within a larger imperial framework. Term Alexander II Definition Tsar of Russia, reigned 1855-1881 led an era of reform: emancipated the serfs, experimented with representative government (zemstvos), and revised the judiciary system Term Hong Xiuquang Definition Chinese village schoolteacher who provided both inspiration and leadership for the Taiping rebellion Term Commodore Perry Definition American commander who led a U.S. naval squadron into Tokyo Bay in 1853 demanded that the shogun open Japan to diplomatic and commercial relations and sign a treaty of friendship (Treaty of Kanagawa) Term Rudyard Kipling Definition 1864-1936, English writer and poet defined the "white man's burden" as the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands Term Ito Hirobumi Definition 1841-1909, Meiji-era traveler most important journey: 1882-1883, traveled to Europe to study foreign constitutions and administrative systems in preparation for the fashioning of a new Japanese government. Term Emilio Aguinaldo Definition led Filipino rebels against American intruders who bought the rights for the Philippine Islands after the Spanish-Cuban-American War Term Herbert Spencer Definition English philosopher and social Darwinist(1820-1903) attempted to apply Darwinian "survival of the fittest" to the social and political realm saw the elimination of weaker nations as part of a natural process and used the philosophy to justify war Term Sergei Vitte Definition Late-nineteenth-century Russian minister of finance who pushed for industrialization Term Empress Dowager Definition 1835-1908, effective ruler of China during the last fifty years of the Qing Dynasty negatively affected the Self-Strengthening Movement by corruptly using funds for personal means supported an antiforeign uprising known as the Boxer rebellion, which failed horribly Term Mizuno Tadakuni Definition shogun's chief advisor between 1841 and 1843, initiated measures to stem growing social and economic decline and to shore up the Tokugawa government most of his reforms were ineffective, and they provoked strong opposition Term David Livingstone Definition Scottish minister who traveled through much of central and southern Africa in the mid-nineteenth century as a missionary Term Lord Lugard Definition British colonial administrator (1858-1945) who was the driving force behind the doctrine of indirect rule. In his book,The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa (1922), he stressed the moral and financial advantages of exercising control over subject populations through indigenous institutions. Term Count Gobineau Definition French nobleman and scientific racist(1816-1882) who took race as the most important index of human potential Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1853-1855) attempted to justify racism by scientific means considered the European race as the superior race Term Ram Mohan Roy Definition A prominent Bengali intellectual sometimes called the "father of modern India" (1772-1833), he argued for the construction of a society based on both modern European science and the Indian tradition of devotional Hinduism. Term Lin Zexu Definition known as the incorruptible In 1839, charged by the Chinese government with the task of destroying some 20,000 chests of opium his uncompromising policy led to the Opium War Term Tokugawa bakufu Definition Japanese government headed by a military shogun faced both foreign pressures and internal revolts during the mid-eighteenth century after a brief civil war, the shogun resigned his office Term Cecil Rhodes Definition After making his fortune mining diamonds and gold, Rhodes (1853-1902) worked tirelessly on behalf of British imperial expansion to secure and enhance his enterprise. Term King Leopold II Definition Belgium ruler (reigned 1865-1909) who employed Henry Morton Stanley for his imperialistic goals in Africa Term Queen Lil'uokalani Definition the last monarch of Hawaii (reigned 1891-1893) Term Charles Darwin Definition English biologist (1809-1882) The Origin of Species (1859) became the inspiration for scientific racists known as social Darwinists Term Crimean War Definition 1853-1856, war between Russia and a coalition including Britain, France, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Ottoman empire reason for war: Russia's attempt to establish a protectorate over the Ottoman empire threatened to upset the balance of power clearly revealed the weakness of the Russian empire Term 100 Days of reform Definition Chinese reforms of 1898 led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao in their desire to turn China into a modern industrial power The Empress Dowager nullified all of the reform decrees. Term Sepoy Rebellion Definition Outraged by the Enfield rifles' greased cartridges, sepoys mutinied against British rule in India. They were soon joined by peasants and disgruntled elites. By 1858, the British had crushed the rebellion. Term South African War (Anglo-Boer War) Definition War between Britian and Afrikaners (1899-1902) Afrikaners ceded defeat in 1902, and by 1910 the British government reconstitued the four former colonies as provinces in the British-controlled Union of South Africa Term Maji-Maji Rebellion Definition In Tanganyika, a local prophet organized a large-scale rebellion (1905-1906) to expel German colonial authorities from east Africa. example of the many rebellions that drew strength from traditional religious beliefs. Term Opium Wars Definition 1839-1842, war between Britain and China over the legality of the opium trade made plain the military superiority of Europe compare to China The Treaty of Nanjing Term Boxer Rebellion Definition violent antiforeign movement spearheaded by militia units calling themselves the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists 1899, went on a rampage in northern China, were quickly crushed by British, French, U.S., German, and Japanese troops Term Great Trek Definition Chafing under British rule, Afrikaners started to leave their farms in Cape Colony and gradually migrated east. Term European migration Definition European migrants went mostly to temperate lands, where they worked as free cultivators or industrial laborers. Term Self-strengthening movement Definition Chinese attempt (1860-1895) to blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology. brought only superficial change Term 1911 Revolution Definition revolutionary uprisings in China resulted in the abdication of the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty Term Berlin West-Africa Conference Definition Meeting organized by German chancellor Otto von Bismarck in 1884-1885 that provided the justification for European colonization of Africa Term Spanish-American War Definition War broke out as anticolonial tensions mounted in Cuba and Puerto Rico - the last remnants of Spain's American empire - where U.S. business interests had made large investments. The U.S. claimed sabotage on Spain after the sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine and declared war on Spain (1898-1899). The U.S. easily defeated Spain and took possession of all of Spain's remaining colonies. Term Sino-Japanese War Definition In 1894, Meiji Japan declared war against Qing China over the status of Korea. The Japanese army easily defeated the Chinese. 1895, Qing authorities were forced to accept an unequal treaty with Japan, recognizing Korea's independence and ceding territory to Japan. Term Aborigine Definition a member of the dark-skinned people who were the earliest inhabitants of Australia Term mission civilisatrice Definition "civilizing mission" : to bring subject peoples "civilization" in the form of political order and social stability justification for French imperialist expansion into Africa and Asia Term Treaty of Kanagawa Definition See Commodore Perry