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| Arabic fore the shore of the ocean or of the desert |
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| gold fields in eastern Senegal (Ghana empire) |
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| gold fields in Ghana, Mail, Songhai |
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| gold fields in Gana, Mali, Songhai |
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700-1200 CE. In Ghana (they controlled the gold fields) gold dust was traded freely, but nuggets went to the king |
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1200-1500 Took over foremerly Ghanean goldfields and expanded est to control trade routes. They had to give up on direct mining, but they were rich from trading. King of Mali made pilgramage to Mecca with so much gold through Cairo he supressed value of the dinar for 12 years. He was known as the richest man in the world. |
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1350-1591 Major trading empire with three major cities (Jenne, Gao, and Timbuktu). Used Taghaza salt mines. Controlled trade to gain wealth. Know for Islamic learning. Didn't need to control their peasant farmers because got rich off of taxation of caravans and slaves grew food for the royalty, mined gold, etc. In 1591 Morocco invaded the empire, armed with canons, horses, and muskets. Many scholars were killed and others were taken as POWs- with this Timbuktu as learning center (and Songhai empire) came to an end |
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| died 632. by 711 arab armies all throughout North Africa. they didn't send missionaries south, but muslim merchants brought it to west africa. by 10th century the lands south of the sahara knew of islam and many converted |
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| traditionalist ruler of Mali. founder of the kingdom. was pagan |
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| muslim king of mali who, in 1324, made a pilgramage to mecca (see Prophet Muhammed notecard). he was "very muslim" but after him the rulers of mali became less devout muslim as trade with north africa weakend. |
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| traditionalist ruler of Songhai from 1464 to 1492. only did a few islamic rituals to mollify traders. he was overthrown by Mohammed Ture (see his notecard) |
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| islamic ruler of Songhai who overthrew Sunni Ali. he had no hereditary legitamacy nor the pagan ritual materials (which were taken by Ali's son), so he converted to Islam and promoted in heavily in the citires. he turned Timbuktu into a center of islamic learning that was famous throughout the world. |
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| Songhai city known for its Islam learning (proomoted by Muhammad Ture). It's a city in the desert but in's on the Niger river (at the northern crux) and its inhabitants were fed by food grown down river (farther south) from the inland Niger delta. had a population of about 50,000! the city was founded in the 12th century, but became a large center of learning in the 16th centrure |
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| Portuguese explorer sent by Prince Henry the Navigator to African coast to see if they could trade, rather than raid like earlier. so he went to africa for 1 year to find slave markets |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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| portuguese royal patron of explorers like Jaoa Fernandes and subsequent trading trips. |
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| portuguese settled there (off the coast of senegambia) by 1460 and started up a lively trade with the mainlanders. |
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| (literally, outcasts in portuguese). mostly men, first to settle in africa, signed treaty with africans and settled in african villages. not allowed to buy slaves at first, but later bought them to bring to coast and sell to portuguese ships. married african women and used them as interpreters, ties to important families, etc. |
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| (literally, renegades). started as lancados but became completely africanized. wore african clothes, practiced religious rites, etc. |
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| the offspring of a lancado or tangomao father and an african mother. they could speak both languages, but they were more culturally african. they became great intermediaries for business |
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| cousin of Francis Drake. made 3 slave hunting trips (1st in 1562). pioneered the british slave trade. first trip he just attacks portuguese ships to get slaves and takes them to santo domingo. on the second trip (financed by queen elizabeth the first) he used Jesus of Lubek, a huge ship, and came in full armour to scare africans away. landed on the island in the sierra leone river and pilaged the are, but the main target was the portuguese post. they got the shit kicked out of them, but they got a lot of gold so it was all good. on the third trip (1667) the queen gives john 2 shops. he arrives at cape verde and sends in the army. they're attacked by poison arrows, many die, only a few hundred slaves taken, but then attacked by spaniards and lose everything. this ends the british slave trade until they get american colonies in the 1600s |
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| cousin of John Hawkins and famous british naval "hero" and explorer |
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| Hawkins' 700 ton ship that he took on his second trip to Africa. financed by queen elizabeth the first |
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| The Company of Adventurers to Guinea and Benin |
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1648 royal British slaving monopoly |
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| Royal Adventurers into Africa |
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1660 royal british slaving monopoly |
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1672 third of three royal british slaving monopolies. all failed. |
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| royal French slaving monopoly |
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| royal French slaving monopoly |
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| one of two rivers accessable by european ships. became early center of French slave trade. ships could go 560 kilometers inland during rainy season. St. Louis was the city built at the mouth of the river with a french fort. |
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| one of two river navegable by european ships. center of early british slave trading. ships could go 256 kilometers inland during rainy season. James Island was the island at the mouth of the river with a british fort |
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| the geographical region of modern senegal and gambia. coastal region had no tradition of long distance trade, so Juula rose to take that place. |
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| Juulas, or traders, were often of one ethnic group but spread out over a wide region to create a trade network extending from sea to slave source. |
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| a group of Juula who traded on the gambia river near the bambu goldfields. they spoke a different dialect and part of a small muslim sect. they had a large slave population to produce food so they were really just traders and scholars. often sold to luso africans who in turn sold to europeans |
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| the ethnic name of people living in Ganjaaga |
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| a state along the middle Senegal river. a group of Juula who had set up a series of muslim towns in the kingdom. they took in goods from all four directions and traded them back in all directions. often sold to luso africans so they could sell to europeans |
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| 1200 to 1550. mostly ethnically wolofs. dominanted entire senegambia region. not very centralized. kajoor, bawol, waalo, sin, saloun were 5 kingdoms within jolog. they each paid tribute to jolof king. |
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| ethnic group that lived in jolof |
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| second largest ethnic group in jolof after wolof. mostly the kingdom of sin. often praid upon by cheddo raiders |
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| kingdom in jolof empire. united with bawol in 1695 by latsukaabe. already trading with portuguese because on the coast. |
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| kingdom of jolof. succeeded from jolof; led by amari ngooni sobel in 1549. already trading with portuguese because on the coast. |
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| kingdom of jolof. mostly sereer ethnicity |
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| young prince of bawol. led rebellion against empire of jolof and the five states broke apart. |
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| united Kajoor and Bawol. he established his mother's family as a matrilineal dynasty. he introduced firearms from europeans into his army of royal slaves; this ensured the slaves stayed loyal to him. he was so successful, so he started taxing his citizens (each family gives one cow and one grainery to the kind). he justified it by the fact that the tax went to feed the slave army who protected the citizens. |
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| slave soldiers and administrators of Kajoor/Bawol. got reputation as anti-muslim drunks and plunderers. |
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| son of Latsukaabe who became king after him. after a long succession strugle after the death of latsukaabe |
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| defeated prince who took his slaves and loyals with him. he launched a civil war in 1748 and caputred 500 of Myssa Tend's Cheddo and sold them to the french on gorre island. those cheddo revolted, foiled by a little boy, and 230 of them died before the revolt was quelled. sambe also raised prices for slaves a lot because he had experience in slave trading. he could organize trade boycotts and wouldn't bring food to french who lived on the island. but sambe had trouble controlling his cheddo; in 1756 he was killed by a slave avoiding punishment. |
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| a rebellious, high ranking slave who had an affair with a wife of the king of Kajoor/Bawol (the king after sambe). he fled to sin with other cheddo and makde raids into Kajoor/Bawol. even though he held a lot of power he was considered "just a slave" |
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| ethnic group of the poeple of Segu and Kaarta |
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| state farther east in senegambia. of the bambara ethnicity. they supplied 2/3 of the slaves during the 18th centure. they were founded by Kulubali and other unrully slaves and young men |
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| other eastern senegambia kingdom. of bambara ethnicity |
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| founder of Segu. 1712 he set up a gang of unrully slaves and unmarried men and started near the city of segu. they would raid all over the incoorporate the young men they captured. would instate slaves as rulers and administrators in places they conquered. Kulubali and his two sons each ruled until 1596, then new dynasty took over. these slaves refused to farm or accept islam- they fought hard and drank hard |
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| annual large-scale military campaigns of the segu warriors |
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| small scale raids against rebellious villages of the segu warriors |
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| banditry or brigandange (illegal) of the segu warriors |
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| a portuguese fort built on the gold coast in 1482. served as an outpost to buy gold. in 1637 the Dutch ousted the French. 1687 they build slave-holding quarters there. |
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| 1674 built on gold coast by the british. built with a slave-holding cellar (a death trap- smelled awful, dark, damp, unhealthy). 18th century, fell into disrepair because could no longer collect 10% duty on non-royal slave ships. 1730- parliament passes bill to give money to Royal Africa Co. for castle upkeep, basically means the government takes control of the forts |
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| Danish castle on the Gold Coast. Fell under African control in early 1700s. Originally built by the Swedes |
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| Company of Adventureres of London |
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| British royal monopoly on the Gold Coast |
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| British royal monopoly on the Gold Coast |
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| swedish royal monopoly on the Gold Coast |
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| Brandenburg Africa Company |
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| Prussian (Brandenburg) trading company on the Gold Coast. built 3 forts in the 1690s. Used John Konney to tap gold markets farther inland. He eventually took over their forts. |
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| part of the Danish West India Company. Controlled Danish forts on the Gold Coast |
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| inland empire of the Gold Coast that had to pass through Denkyira, Twifo, Aowin, and WAssa to get to the coast to sell slaves. Asante eventually takes these smaller states over. Unlike before Asante trades mostly ivory and slaves (b/c gold very popular in the empire) for guns and gunpowder (to continue its wars of expension). |
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| Denkyira, Aowin, Wassa, Twifo |
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| four states on the Gold Coast taken over by Asante. |
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| founder of Asante empire. Before Asante had a loose military alliance with many small states, but he centralizes them all and takes over many others. |
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Akani merchant prince. bought 3000 slaves and guns for them- conquered 7 villages- started out as merchant but ended up as a prince- had a castle, collected taxes, owned ocean-going canoe fleet.
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| Akani Trading Organization |
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| like the Juula; a classic trading diaspora. controlled 50-66% of the trade between Africans and Europeans on the Gold Coast in the 1600s. Their caravans started in the interior with a whole host of stuff and they sold other things to African markets and gold to Europeans. They returned inland with salt, slaves, fish, and European luxery goods |
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| Gold Coast local and friend of Brandenburgs. Helped them tap interior gold markets. 1715 he took over Brand. castles (3) so they sell main castle to unknowing Dutch, but he refuses to leave because he says they have no right to sell it. 1721 Dutch send warships to attack but Konny's army wins. 1724 Dutch come back and win, Konny goes into excile, but continues to trade and use other two Prussian castles. |
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