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Definition
| refers to illness and disease |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the length and duration of life
includes 2 aspects: life expectancy and life span |
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Term
Life Expectancy
(life expectancy at birth) |
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Definition
–Average # of yrs people in a particular cohort are expected to live... indicates what's typical, on average--- can't tell how many yrs an individual will live
-- Life expectancy has been increasing over time
(life expectancy at birth)= the average # of yrs people born in a specific yr (birth cohort) are expected to live...
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Term
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Definition
–Maximum longevity, or extreme upper limit of time, that members of a species can live (120 in humans)
–Life Span has stayed the same |
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Term
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Definition
–A greater proportion of deaths occur during a narrow time period at upper limit of human life span.
- so more and more pple will live closer to the maximum human life span
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Term
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Definition
| Illness and disability occur only during a narrow time period immediately prior to death. |
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Definition
–Unavoidable (inevitable)
–Universal
–Intrinsic (comes from within)
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Definition
–Neither inevitable nor universal
–Extrinsic influences important; associated with defects in biological functioning resulting from hostile environmental influences
- Disease, disuse (not excersizing), abuse (smoking) |
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| Programmed Theories of Biological Aging |
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Definition
consider aging to be under the control of a genetically based blueprint
Time Clock Theory
Immune Theory
Evolutionary Theory |
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Term
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Definition
| Life span is controlled by a genetically predetermined time clock operating at the cellular level |
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Definition
the immune system is programmed to maintain its efficiency for a certain amount of time, after which it starts to decline Can't say whether immune system decline is the cause or result of normal aging |
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Term
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Definition
| members of a species are genetically programmed to live long enough to bear and rear their young --once they fulfil this purpose, their days are numbered so to speek |
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| Stochastic Theories of Biological Aging |
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Definition
focus on random dammage to our vital systems that occur with the process of living- so closely related to secondary aging
- support for these theories comes from the fact that age occurs at different rates even among identical twins(who have the exact same genetic makeup)
Error Theory
Wear and Tear Theory
Rate of Living Theory
StressTheory
Cross-linking Theory
Free Radical Theory
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Term
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Definition
errors occur at the cellular level --> faulty molecules
- can result from organism's metabolic process or from exposure to environmental factors like radiation
- dammage builds--> metabolic failure--> death
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Term
| Wear and Tear/ Rate of Living Theory |
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Definition
we begin life with a fixed amnt of phys energy, if we use it quickly, aging begins early and proceeds rapidly
-little evidance for this--people who work in physically demanding jobs don't show signs of aging any earlier than others |
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Term
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Definition
2 regulatory systems for responding to stress:
sympathetic nervous system (SNS)& the neuroendocrine hypothesis-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
SO stress makes us release this hormone glucocorticoids (bad)
younger/healthier --return to normal level after stress inducing incident
Older/unhealthy--takes longer to return to normal, this prolonged exposure increases risk of high blood pressure and cardio disease...and accelerates aging |
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Term
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Definition
Free radicals= unstable molecular fragments that unite with passing molecules and prevent them from functioning normally...damaging
associated with heart disease, cancer, cataracts |
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