Term
| What are the three types of adenovirus interactions with host cells? |
|
Definition
- lytic
- chronic/latent
- oncogenic transformation
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Term
| What kind of diseases are caused by adenoviruses? |
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Definition
- 4-5% of all respiratory illnesses
- Acute respiratory disease
- Pharyngitis
- Conjunctivitis
- Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
- Pneumonia
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Term
| How are adenoviruses transmitted? |
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Definition
| By inhalation of small particle aerosols created by coughing or sneezing, or fecal-oral (swimming in contaminated water or using contaminated towels) |
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Term
| What is adenovirus keratoconjunctivitis and what is a recognized cause of epidemics? |
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Definition
infection of the cornea and conjunctiva
- poor hygiene |
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Term
What are the symptoms of adenovirus keratoconjunctivitis?
|
|
Definition
- pain
- photophobia
- blurred vision
- low grade fever
- malaise
- mild upper respiratory symptoms
- *** 7-10 days later, cornea develops petechial hemorrhages which can progress to ulcers
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Term
| What is hemorrhagic cystitis and what causes it? |
|
Definition
| inflammation of the bladder, caused by adenovirus 11, resulting in gross hematuria |
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Term
| What is the second most common cause of gastroenteritis in young children? |
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Definition
| adenovirus serotypes 40 and 41 (group F) |
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Term
| What population is susceptible to disseminated adenoviral infections? |
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Definition
| AIDS patients and bone marrow transplant patients |
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|
Term
| What is the preferred specimen for culturing adenoviruses? |
|
Definition
| nasal washings (not throat swabs, which may be contaminated with virus from the tonsils) |
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Term
| What is the disadvantage of using antibody titers to diagnose adenovirus infection, and what are some better options? |
|
Definition
- too slow to impact clinical care
PCR (1-4 days), fluorescent stain (2-4 days), enzyme immunoassay |
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Term
| What virus is being used as a gene delivery vector in HIV vaccine trials? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What is the pathogenesis of chicken pox? |
|
Definition
- virus (Herpesvirus varicellae) enters body through the upper respiratory tract
- carried by phagocytic cells to local lymph nodes for primary replication (some may occur in the resp. tract also)
- viremia, spread to secondary site of inection: liver, spleen
- secondary multiplication followed by secondary viremia
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Term
| What are the 4 stages of chickenpox lesions? |
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Definition
- macular phase
- papular phase
- vesicular phase
- scab stage
* there are often successive crops of skin lesions for 2-4 days |
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|
Term
| What is the reservoir for chickenpox and how is it spread? |
|
Definition
- infected humans
- direct contact, or droplet or airborne spread of secretions from infected individuals |
|
|
Term
| How long is the incubation period for chickenpox? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is period of communicability for chickenpox? |
|
Definition
from 5 days before the eruption to 6 days after the last crop of vesicles have appeared
* immunosuppressed individuals have prolonged contagiousness |
|
|
Term
| How communicable is chickenpox? |
|
Definition
80% of susceptible ppl get the disease if exposed
(75% of the population has had the disease by age 15) |
|
|
Term
| What population has the highest risk of death as a complication of chickenpox? |
|
Definition
| children with leukemia (7-10% mortality) |
|
|
Term
| What is the mortality rate of adults compared to children for chickenpox? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are common complications of chickenpox? |
|
Definition
| pneumonia, CNS involvement, secondary bacterial infections |
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|
Term
| What causes herpes zoster syndrome? |
|
Definition
reactivation of latent varicella virus when host cell-mediated immunity falls below a certain level; may be triggered by:
old age
trauma
stress
surgery
malignancy
immunosuppression
transplantation |
|
|
Term
| Where is the site of latent herpes-zoster virus? |
|
Definition
| dorsal root or extramedullary cranial nerve ganglia |
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Term
| What is the pattern of shingles lesions? |
|
Definition
| typically unilateral, restricted to skin areas supplied by the sensory nerves of a single/group of dorsal root ganglia (dermatomes) |
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Term
| How are the vesicles of shingles different from those of chickenpox? |
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Definition
| Shingles vesicles are usually deeper seated and more closely aggregated than chickenpox |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take shingles vesicles to heal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the varicella vaccine administered (when)? |
|
Definition
| children after age 1, then a booster at age 4-6 |
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|
Term
| How do you reduce the risk of elderly patients getting shingles? |
|
Definition
| A special varicella zoster vaccine for adults > 60 yrs, given before exposure |
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Term
| What are the three forms of smallpox? |
|
Definition
- variola major (classical): 20-40% mortality
- variola minor: 1% mortality rate
- intermediate form: 10% mortality
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Term
What are the differentiating characteristics between smallpox and chickenpox?
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|
Definition
Smallpox usually has a more clear-cut and severe prodromal illness.
Smallpox lesions are often deeper than chickenpox lesions.
Smallpox rash is heaviest on face, arms and legs while chickenpox is prominent on trunk.
Chickenpox lesions have second crops occurring 2-3 days after the first, whereas smallpox lesions all resemble one another.
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Term
| When was monkeypox reported in the US? |
|
Definition
| In June 2003; caused by contact with pet prairie dogs that had been infected by infected imported rodents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a parapox that infects sheep and goats, producing a pustular dermatitis |
|
|
Term
| What is the size and shape of the ORF virus? |
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Definition
| looks less brick-shaped than orthopoxviruses, resembles a cylinder with rounded ends |
|
|
Term
| How is the ORF virus transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common pox virus spread to humans in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of ORF infection? |
|
Definition
Lesions, never many in number, develop on the hand or occasionally the face or leg
- develops from a maculopapular rash that becomes elevated and eventually nodular
- lesion develops a crust and sheds several scabs
- heals after 35 days or more |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of molluscum contagiosum infection? |
|
Definition
benign tumor of the skin characterized by local proliferation of the epidermis
form 1-20 lobulated and umbilated papule ("water warts")
pore in the center, under which is a crater filled with loosely adherent partially keratinized epithelial cells
=> cytoplasm is replaced by an inclusion body
=> mass of white, curd-like material in the crater of the lesion = "molluscum body"
random distribution
mild pruritis |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of molluscum contagiosum in AIDS patients? |
|
Definition
- disease is generalized- appears on the face and upper body rather than in just the genital area
- lesions are large and atypical
- disease may be unremitting with increasing severity
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