Term
Addiction Risk Factors
Family |
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Definition
| Parents, siblings, and/or spouse use substances; family dysfunction (i.e., inconsistent discipline, poor parenting skills, lack of positive family rituals and routine); family trauma (i.e., death, divorce) |
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Term
Addiction Risk Factors
Social |
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Definition
| Peers use drugs and alcohol; social or cultural norms condone use of substances; expectations about positive effects of drugs and alcohol; drugs and alcohol are available and accessible |
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Term
Addiction Risk Factors
Psychiatric |
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Definition
| Depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, low tolerance for stress; other mental health disorders; feelings of desperation; loss of control over one’s life |
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Term
Addiction Risk Factors
Behavioral |
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Definition
| Use of other substances; aggressive behavior in childhood; impulsivity and risk-taking; rebelliousness; school-based academic or behavioral problems; poor interpersonal relationships |
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Term
Addiction Cause Models
Biopsychosocial model |
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Definition
| here are a wide variety of reasons why people start and continue using substances. This model provides the most comprehensive explanation for the complex nature of substance abuse disorders. It incorporates hereditary predisposition, emotional and psychological problems, social influences, and environmental problems. |
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Term
Addiction Cause Models
Medical model |
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Definition
Addiction is considered a chronic, progressive, relapsing, and potentially fatal medical disease.
Genetic causes: Inherited vulnerability to addiction, particularly alcoholism
Brain reward mechanisms: Substances act on parts of the brain that reinforce continued use by producing pleasurable feelings
Altered brain chemistry: Habitual use of substances alters brain chemistry and continued use of substances is required to avoid feeling discomfort from a brain imbalance |
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Term
Addiction Cause Models
Self-medication model |
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Definition
| Substances relieve symptoms of a psychiatric disorder and continued use is reinforced by relief of symptoms. |
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Term
Addiction Cause Models
Family and environmental model |
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Definition
| Explanation for substance abuse can be found in family and environmental factors such as behaviors shaped by family and peers, personality factors, physical and sexual abuse, disorganized communities, and school factors. |
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Term
Addiction Cause Models
Social model |
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Definition
| Drug use is learned and reinforced from others who serve as role models. A potential substance abuser shares the same values and activities as those who use substances. There are no controls that prevent use of substances. Social, economic, and political factors, such as racism, poverty, sexism, and so on, contribute to the cause. |
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Term
| Treatment order for clients with substance abuse and psychotherapeutic/psychiatric issues |
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Definition
| Whatever the root causes, a client’s substance abuse problem must be addressed before other psychotherapeutic issues. A social worker should also rule out symptoms being related to a substance abuse problem before attributing them to a psychiatric issue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance Use Disorder in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5) combines the DSM-IV categories of Substance Abuse and Substance Dependence into a single disorder measured on a continuum from mild to severe. Each specific substance (other than caffeine, which cannot be diagnosed as a substance use disorder) is addressed as a separate use disorder (Alcohol Use Disorder, Stimulant Use Disorder, etc.). Mild Substance Use Disorder in DSM-5 requires two to three symptoms from a list of 11. Drug craving is added to the list, and problems with law enforcement is eliminated because of cultural considerations that make the criteria difficult to apply. |
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Term
| Non-substance-related-disorders |
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Definition
| Gambling Disorder is the sole condition in a new category on behavioral addictions. Its inclusion here reflects research findings that Gambling Disorder is similar to Substance-Related Disorders in clinical expression, brain origin, comorbidity, physiology, and treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Abstinence from substances
2. Maximizing life functioning
3. Preventing or reducing the frequency and severity of relapse |
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Term
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Definition
- any program, policy, or intervention that seeks to reduce or minimize the adverse health and social consequences associated with substance use without requiring a client to discontinue use
- recognizes that many substance users are unwilling or unable to abstain from use at any given time and that there is a need to provide them with options that minimize the harm |
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Term
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Definition
- attitudes, behaviors, and values revert to what they were during active drug or alcohol use.
- frequently occurs during early stages of recovery
- can still occur at any time
- prevention of relapse is a critical part of treatment |
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Term
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Definition
1. Stabilization: Focus is on establishing abstinence, accepting a substance abuse problem, and committing oneself to making changes
2. Rehabilitation/habilitation: Focus is on remaining substance-free by establishing a stable lifestyle, developing coping and living skills, increasing supports, and grieving loss of substance use
3. Maintenance: Focus is on stabilizing gains made in treatment, relapse prevention, and termination |
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Term
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Definition
| dilated pupils, hyperactivity, restlessness, perspiration, anxiety, and impaired judgment. |
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Term
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Definition
| symptom associated with alcohol withdrawal that includes hallucinations, rapid respiration, temperature abnormalities, and body tremors. |
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Term
| Wernicke’s encephalopathy and Korsakoff’s syndrome |
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Definition
| disorders associated with chronic abuse of alcohol. They are caused by a thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency resulting from the chronic consumption of alcohol. A person with Korsakoff’s syndrome has memory problems. Treatment is administration of thiamine. |
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Term
| Medication-assisted treatment interventions |
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Definition
| assist with interfering with the symptoms associated with use. For example, methadone, a synthetic narcotic, can be legally prescribed. A client uses it to detox from opiates or on a daily basis as a substitute for heroin. Antabuse is a medication that produces highly unpleasant side effects (flushing, nausea, vomiting, hypotension, and anxiety) if a client drinks alcohol; it is a form of “aversion therapy.” Naltrexone is a drug used to reduce cravings for alcohol; it also blocks the effects of opioids. |
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Term
| Psychosocial or psychological interventions |
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Definition
| modify maladaptive feelings, attitudes, and behaviors through individual, group, marital, or family therapy. These therapeutic interventions also examine the roles that are adopted within families in which substance abuse occurs; for example, the “family hero,” “scapegoat,” “lost child,” or “mascot” (a family member who alleviates pain in the family by joking around). |
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Term
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Definition
| ameliorate or extinguish undesirable behaviors and encourage desired ones through behavior modification. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous) provide mutual support and encouragement while becoming abstinent or in remaining abstinent. Twelve-step groups are utilized throughout all phases of treatment. After completing formal treatment, the recovering person can continue attendance indefinitely as a means of maintaining sobriety. |
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