Term
| The vascular and cellular reactions of inflammation are directly triggered by what two things? |
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Definition
| soluble factors produced by various cells AND plasma proteins (aka inflammatory mediators) |
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Term
| What molecules determines the pattern, severity, and clinical/pathological manifestations of inflammation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What molecules are responsible for amplifying the inflammatory response? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the leukocytes associated with acute inflammation? chronic? |
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Definition
acute-predominantly nuetrophils
chronic- lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages |
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Term
| Proliferation of blood vessels and connective tissue(fibrosis) is associated with ____________ inflammation |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F Asthma is caused by chronic inflammation. |
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Definition
| Kind of true. Asthma can be caused by chronic inflamation or it can be characterized by episodes of acute inflamation |
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Term
| Is glomerulonephritis classified as acute or chronic inflamation? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| T/F Transplant rejection can be acute or chronic |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which is a disease of chronic inflammation: lung abscess or pulmonary fibrosis? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation? |
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Definition
| redness, heat, swelling, and pain |
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Term
| Is increased blood flow in injured tissue due to arteriole or venule dilation? |
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Definition
| it is due to both artertiole and venule dilation |
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Term
| What causes gaps between the endothelial cells of venules in acute inflamation? |
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Definition
| endothelial cell contraction and mediated by histamine bradykinin and leukotrienes |
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Term
| What causes the formation of gaps between endothelial cells of venules in chronic inflamation? |
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Definition
| due to cytoskeletal changes of endothelium resulting in contraction mediated by cytokines (IL-1, TNF, IFN-gamma) |
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Term
| T?F In chronic inflammation, endothelium can be damaged by activated leukocytes. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does VEGF allow leukocytes to do? |
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Definition
| get out of blood vessels (transcytosis) |
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Term
| What four things increase vascular permeability in inflammation? |
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Definition
| 1)formation of gaps between endothelial cells of venules 2) injury to endothelium 3) increased transcytosis 4) secondary to angiogenesis |
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Term
| What leukocyte arrives first on the scene? |
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Definition
| neutrophils (during days 1 and 2) |
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Term
| What allows leukocytes to perform margination (the first step in transcytosis)? |
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Definition
| vasodilation causes lower blood velocity. Wall shear stress decreases |
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Term
| What causes the expression of selectin which allows leukocytes to "roll" along blood vessel wall? |
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Definition
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Term
| Leukocytes adhere to the vascular endothelium via what receptors/ligands? |
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Definition
| integrins on leukocyte surface are stimulated to high affinity state via chemokines and cytokines cause increased integrin ligands (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1) on endothelial surface |
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Term
| Where does transmigration occur? |
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Definition
| post campillary venules in response to chemokines |
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Term
| What enzyme allows leukocytes to move through the intercellular junctions of endothelium? |
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Definition
| PECAM-1/CD31/?collagenase |
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Term
|
Definition
| movement in response to a chemical gradient |
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Term
| Once leukocytes are outside a vessel, they bind to the connective tissue matrix via... |
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Definition
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Term
| Activation of a leukocyte via exogenous and endogenous chemotactic agents causes... |
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Definition
| actin reorganization, regulated interaction with myosin and contraction of filopodium. As well as cytosolic enzyme activation, increased calcium levels, cytoskeletal changes, and alteration of surface adhesive properties |
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Term
| What are some common substances that activate leukocytes? |
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Definition
| bacterial peptides, chemokines, C5a, arachoidonic acid metabolites |
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Term
| What kind of receptors do leukocytes express in order to bind to a bacteria? |
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Definition
| TLRs, cytokine receptors, opsonin receptors |
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Term
| Describe the intermediates and products of respiratory burst. |
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Definition
| superoxide is created then turned into H2O2 via superoxide dismutase. Myeloperoxidase forms toxic radicals (most potent killers) in the presence of either H2O2 or halides. H2O2 also forms hydroxyl radical. |
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Term
| What contributes to the termination of inflammation? |
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Definition
| removal of stimulus, short-lived nature of chemical mediators, apoptosis of neutrophils, production of anti inflammatory agents |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How does nitric oxide contribute to the iflammatory response? |
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Definition
| NO is made by endothelial cells and macrophages and it causes vasodilation, inhibition of inflammation, and has anti-microbial functions (via radicals) |
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Term
| Arachodonic acid is produced from what molecules and via what enzymes? |
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Definition
| cell membrane phospholipids and phospholipases |
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Term
| Steroids inhibit what part of the inflammatory molecule cascade? |
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Definition
| they inhibit phospholipases so arachodonic acid cannot be made from cell membrane phospholipids |
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|
Term
| What are the pathways arachodonic acid can enter? |
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Definition
| cyclooxygenase pathway, 5- or 12- or other lipoxygenase pathway |
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Term
| What drugs inhibit cyclooxygenases? |
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Definition
| COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors, aspirin and indomethecin |
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Term
| What do cyclooxygenase enzymes turn arachidonic acid into? |
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Definition
| prostaglandin G2 then prostaglandin H2. Prostaglandin H2 can be turned into prostacyclin (PGl2), thromboxane A2 (TxA2), PGD2 or PGE2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation |
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Term
|
Definition
| vasoconstriction, and promotes platelet aggregation |
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Term
| PGD2 and PGE2 both cause... |
|
Definition
| vasodilation oand increased vascular permeability |
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Term
| The lipooxygenase enzymes are responsible for turning arachidonic acid into... |
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Definition
| the HETE products, leukotrienes and lipoxins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Leukotrienes B4, C4, D4, and E4 are responsible for... |
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Definition
| vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, increased vascular permeability |
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Term
| Lipoxin A4, and Lipoxin B4 have what effects? |
|
Definition
| inhibit neutrophil adhesion and chemotaxis |
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Term
| Histiocytes is another name for ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Neutrophils contain receptors for what Ig? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the different types of granules in neutrophils |
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Definition
| Large azurophilic granules (primary granules), small specific granules (secondary granules), and tertiary granules |
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Term
| What leukocyte is associated with allergic reactions, parasitic infections, and healing infections? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| T/F Eosinophils phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes. |
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Definition
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Term
| What leukocyte's granules show up as crystalloid on EM? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Are there more basophils or mast cells? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Describe basophil granules. |
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Definition
| metachromatic granules containing preformed histamine and heparin |
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Term
| T/F Both monocytes and neutrophils can proliferate after release from bone marrow. |
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Definition
| False, only monocytes can proliferate after release from bone marrow |
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|
Term
| Which are larger: monocytes or neutrophils? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| monocyte chemotactic protein |
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Term
| Monocytes respond to _________ released from neutrophil lysosomes. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F monocytes respond to lymphokines. |
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Definition
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Term
| What two important vasoactive substances do platelets release to cause vasodilation and increased permeability? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the different platelet granules. |
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Definition
| Dense granules (serotonin, histamine, Ca, and ADP), alpha granules (fibrinogen, coag proteins, PDGF), and lysosomes (acid hydrolases). |
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Term
| Platelets produce _______ from arachidonic acid. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do mast cells like to hang out? |
|
Definition
| mucosal surfaces of lung and dermis of skin, especially near small blood vessels |
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|
Term
| What Ig do mast cells have receptors for? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Mast cells release histamine in response to... |
|
Definition
| anaphylatoxins or antigens |
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Term
| Besides histamine, what other vasoactive substances do mast cells secrete? |
|
Definition
| leukotrienes, C4, D4, and E4 |
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Term
| Do macrophages look exactly like monocytes? |
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Definition
| for the most part yes but macrophages are larger |
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Term
| T/F Macrophages secrete coagulation factors. |
|
Definition
| True (V, VIII, and Tissue factor) |
|
|
Term
| T/F Only hepatocytes secrete compliment proteins. |
|
Definition
| FALSE (Macrophages secrete C2,C3, C4, and C5) |
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|
Term
| T/F Macrophages can secrete reactive metabolites of oxygen |
|
Definition
| true (nitric oxide is an example) |
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|
Term
| Describe the distinctive histological appearance of plasma cells. |
|
Definition
| oval shape, eccentric nucleus and perinuclear cytoplasmic clearing |
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|
Term
| Plasma cells have lots of which organelle? |
|
Definition
| ER (active in protein synthesis) |
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Term
|
Definition
| eosinophilic hyaline cytoplasmic bodies sometimes found in plasma cells |
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|
Term
| Endothelial cells secrete what substances that mediate inflammation? |
|
Definition
| endothelin, NO (aka EDRF), and PGI2 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a peptide that causes prolonged vasoconstriction of smooth muscle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammatory edema fluid that has: high specific gravity (1.020 or above), high protein content, high cell content, cloudy or thick, and low glucose |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| non0inflammatory edema fluid resembling and ultrafiltrate of plasma with certain characteristics: low specific gravity (around 1.010 or less than 1.018), low protein content, low cell content, normal glucose content, clear/straw colored |
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|
Term
| What types of disease cause transudates? |
|
Definition
| heart failure (due to increased hydrostatic pressure) OR condition in which plasma proteins and plasma osmotic pressure are low (such as cirrhosis) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| increased microvascular permeaiblity-damaged microvasculature as a result of the inflammatory process |
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|
Term
| Does vascular abnormality cause transudate? |
|
Definition
| NO, there is just excessive fluid diffusing across normal microvasculature |
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|
Term
| What does it mean to say an exudate is serous? |
|
Definition
| the exudate is serum like |
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|
Term
| What does it mean to say an exudate is fibrinous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is catarrhal exudate? |
|
Definition
| exudate from mucous membranes |
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|
Term
| What is purulent exudate? |
|
Definition
| exudate rich in leukocytes |
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|
Term
| What is suppurative exudate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do you call bloody exudate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is fibrinopurulent exudate? |
|
Definition
| inflammatory edema fluid containing pus and fibrin |
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|
Term
| What do you call excess fluid in the interstitial tissue or serous cavities? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Exudate and transudate are both types of ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a purulent exudate containing leukocytes (mostly neutrophils), dead cells, and sometimes microorganisms |
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|
Term
| What do you call a localized collection of pus with central destruction of tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spreading of inflammation in a solid tissue |
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|
Term
| What is a localized defect in the surface of an organ or tissue due to sloughing of inflammatory necrotic debris? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passage or path formed by the discharge of a deep abscess to surface of skin or mucosa membrane |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| passage or path between two internal organs or leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body |
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|
Term
| List the 18 steps of acute inflammation. |
|
Definition
| 1) vasoconstriction 2)vasodilation 3) speeding of blood stream 4) increased vascular permeability 5) formation of exudate 6) RBCs clot 7) slowing of blood stream 8) neutrophils marganilize 9) neutrophils adhere to endothelium 10) inflammatory cells emigrate 11)if severe damage, RBCs passively leave thru damaged hole 12)accumulation and aggregation of leukocytes to area of irritant 13) phagocytosis 14)reversal of vascular changes 15) neutrophils/macrophages clear debris 16) fluid reabosrbed 17) regeneration of tissue 18) repari by ingrowth of capillaries and fibroblasts |
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