Term
| What is pH important for? |
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Definition
| Determines protein function (ability to communicate across membrane, etc.) |
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Term
| What is the normal range for pH? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens if pH is out of balance for too long? |
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Definition
| causes there to be denatured proteins and the cells trigger apoptosis |
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Term
| What should the normal bicarb to carbonic acid be? |
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Definition
| 20:1 for sufficient buffering |
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Term
| If you are high on CO2, what will happen? |
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Definition
| Your body will produce more bicarb |
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Term
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Definition
| when the original problem is fixed |
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Term
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Definition
| when the system where the problem does not originate is making up for an imbalance of the other: lungs compensate for kidneys and vice versa |
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Term
| If you give a patient a bunch of sodium bicarbonate (for a stomach ache) and their bicarb jumps up, what is the correction and the compensation? |
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Definition
correction: kidneys pee off bicarb
compensation: holding on to CO2 |
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Term
| How do the lungs compensate for a low bicarb? |
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Definition
| hyperventilation- getting rid of more CO2 |
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Term
| how do the kidneys compensate for a low CO2 |
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Definition
| if you are hyperventilating and have low CO2, the kidneys pee off bicarb |
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Term
| how do the lungs compensate for a high bicarb? |
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Definition
| high base needs more acid, lungs hold on to more CO2 |
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Term
| how would the kidneys compensate for a high CO2 |
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Definition
| kidneys hold on to bicarb |
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Term
| what is a normal anion gap? |
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Definition
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Term
| if the anion gap is greater than 12, what does this mean? |
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Definition
| there is something in the fluid that is abnormal and isn't being measured in the anion gap (extra anions that are pushing down concentration of Cl or bicarb) |
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Term
| what do we use the anion gap in determining? |
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Definition
| etiology of certain types of metabolic acidosis |
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Term
| what does ketoacidosis suggest in terms of etiology of the anion gap |
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Definition
| ketones are the abnormal anions pushing down bicarb concentration |
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Term
| What is lactate (lactic acidosis) associated with? |
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Definition
| ischemia- often found in shock |
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Term
| What do people who OD on ASA usually get? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you diagnose a metabolic acidosis and the anion gap is normal, what should you do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal range for PaCO2? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal range for bicarb from an ABG sample? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the perfect blood gas in terms of pH, CO2, and bicarb? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does fully compensated look like? |
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Definition
| pH is back within normal range but CO2 and bicarb are out of range on opposite ends of scale |
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Term
| Why would a patient have poor ventilation and a metabolic acidosis? (aka mixed acidosis) |
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Definition
| cardiac arrest- stop breathing and tissues are hypoxic and go into anaerobic metabolism -> lactic acidosis |
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Term
| what is the underlying problem in respiratory acidosis or an elevated CO2? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you have respiratory acidosis (high CO2) what is the problem? |
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Definition
| decreased alveolar ventilation (asthma, COPD, head injury) |
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Term
| what are the s/s of any type of acidosis? |
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Definition
| CNS depression, headaches, cardiac dysrrhythmias |
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Term
| how do we treat respiratory acidosis? |
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Definition
increase alveolar ventilation- decrease CO2-
DO NOT give bicarb because when you give excess it will bind up the excess protons and make more CO2 |
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Term
| what is the underlying problem with respiratory alkalosis? |
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Definition
| hyperventilation (panic attack) |
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Term
| What are the s/s of respiratory alkalosis? |
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Definition
| CNS irritability, light headedness, cardiac dysrrhythmias |
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Term
| What would we do to help correct someone in respiratory alkalosis? |
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Definition
| elevate CO2 by breathing into a bag which rebreathes CO2 and maintains a higher level in the alveoli |
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Term
| When shouldn't you use the rebreathing method to solve resp. alkalosis? |
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Definition
| when the person is hyperventilating d/t hypoxic drive and they have a low oxygen sat. |
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Term
| what causes metabolic acidosis? |
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Definition
| low bicarb or gained acid, acute renal failure |
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Term
| where would you look for ketones in a DM patient? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what causes metabolic alkalosis? |
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Definition
| accumulation of bicarb (ate a bunch of antacids) or acid loss (vomiting) |
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Term
| how do we treat metabolic alkalosis? |
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Definition
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