Details Title: ACC Music Appreciation Description: Fundamentals of music terms Total Flash Cards: 309 Created: 06/06/2007 21:35:21		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Music Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Music Definition The organization of sounds in time Term Four properties of music Definition Pitch; dynamics; tone color; duration Term Pitch Definition relative lowness or highness of a sound. Determined by frequency of its vibrations fast = high slow = low Term tone Definition a sound that has a definite pitch Term interval Definition the distance in pitch between two tones Term octave Definition two pitches whose vibrational frequencies are multiples of each other Term range Definition distance between the lowest and highest pitches an instrument can produce Term dynamics Definition degrees of loudness or softness determined by the amplitude of the vibrations: wide=loud; narrow=soft Term accent Definition one tone played more loudly or longer or higher than the tones around it Term tone color Definition the quality that distinguishes one instrument's sound from that of another descriptive terms: bright, brilliant, dark, rich Term major scale Definition 7 tones (whole + half steps) Term chromatic scale Definition 11 tones (all half steps) Term bel canto Definition beautiful singing Term register Definition part of the tonal range of an instrument or voice. Tone color may vary from one to another Term musical instrument Definition any mechanism that produces musical sounds Term 6 families of Western music Definition strings woodwinds brass percussion keyboard electronic Term Rhythm Definition ordered flow of music through time; the pattern of durations of notes and silences in music Term Beat Definition Regular, recurrent pulsation that divides music into equal units of time; "what you tap your feet to" Term Meter Definition organization of beats into regular groups Term Measure Definition Group containing a fixed number of beats Term Duple meter Definition in 2 examples: Yankee Doodle Oh! Suzannah Dixie Term Triple meter Definition in 3; examples: waltz America Star-Spangled Banner Happy Birthday Amazing Grace Term Quadruple meter Definition in 4 examples: America the Beautiful Battle Hymn of the Republic Auld Lang Syne Term Sextuple meter Definition in 6 examples: Home on the Range Greensleeves Silent Night Term Syncopation Definition Rhythm in which the accented beat occurs where you would not expect it Term Tempo Definition Speed of the beat Term Largo Definition Very slow; broad Term Grave Definition Very slow; solemn Term Adagio Definition Slow Term Andante Definition Moderately slow; walking pace Term Moderato Definition moderate Term Allegretto Definition Moderately fast Term Allegro Definition fast Term Vivace Definition Lively Term Presto Definition very fast Term Prestissimo Definition as fast as possible Term metronome Definition indicates number of beats per minute Term Melody Definition a series of single notes that add up to a recognizable whole. It begins, moves, and ends; it has direction, shape, and continuity Term How classical music is similar to a good novel Definition introduction-->conflict-->climax-->resolution Term How notes in a melody may move Definition steps, leaps, or stay the same Term conjunct Definition melody that moves mostly by steps Term disjunct Definition melody that moves mostly by leaps Term range Definition span of notes. May be wide or narrow Term legato Definition smoothly Term staccato Definition short; detached Term phrase Definition short part of a melody; they often come in balanced pairs Term sequence Definition repetition of a melodic pattern at a different pitch; often used in the Baroque period Term cadence Definition resting place at the end of a phrase. May be partial or final. Typically a progression from the dominant to the tonic chord Term harmony Definition the way chords are constructed and how they follow each other. Adds support, depth, and richness to music Term chord Definition combination of 3 or more tones sounded at once (may be block or arpeggio) Term triad Definition 3 tones played at once Term tonic chord Definition chord built on the first note of the scale Term dominant chord Definition chord built on the fifth note of the scale Term Arpeggios Definition broken chords Term key Definition refers to the presence of a central note, chord, and scale within a piece in relationship with all other tones in the competition (=tonality) Term scale Definition basic pitches of a piece of music arranged in order from low to high or high to low. Major and minor are the two basic ones in Western music. Term key signature Definition sharp and flat signs following the clef; indicate which key the piece is in Term modulation Definition change of key Term tonic key Definition central key; usually the beginning and the end Term musical texture Definition how many different layers of sound are heard at once; whether they are melody or harmony; how they are related to one another. can be described as transparent, dense, thick, thin, heavy, or light Term monophonic Definition single unaccompanied melody line Term polyphonic Definition simultaneous performance of 2 or more melodic lines of relatively equal interest Term counterpoint Definition technique of combining several different melodic lines into a meaningful whole Term homophonic Definition one main melody accompanied by chords Term musical form Definition the organization of musical elements in time Term repetition Definition creates a sense of unity Term contrast Definition creates forward motion, conflict, and change of mood Term variation Definition some features are changed while others remain the same Term ABA Definition A type of musical form (ternary) example: Dance of the Reed Pipes from the Nutcracker Suite Term contrapuntal texture Definition another term for polyphonic texture Term imitation Definition when a melodic idea is presented by one voice or instrument then restated immediately by another example: a round Term musical style Definition a characteristic way of treating the various musical elements: melody, rhythm, tone color, dynamics, harmony, texture, and form Term 450-1450 Definition Middle Ages Term 1450-1600 Definition Renaissance Term 1600-1750 Definition Baroque Term 1750-1820 Definition Classical Term 1820-1900 Definition Romantic Term Stringed instruments Definition violin viola cello bass guitar harp Term pizzicato Definition plucked Term double stop Definition 2 notes played at once (stringed instruments) Term vibrato Definition "throbbing" sound made by slightly wobbling the pitch of a note Term mute Definition muffling the sound Term tremolo Definition quick up-and-down movement of the bow Term harmonics Definition whistle-like tones made by lightly pressing a string Term woodwinds Definition piccolo flute clarinet oboe bassoon sax recorder Term brass Definition trumpet trombone horn (formerly "French" horn) tuba Term percussion (definite pitch) Definition timpani glockenspiel xylophone celesta chime Term percussion (indefinite pitch) Definition snare bass drum tambourine triangle cymbals whip gong Term keyboard instruments Definition piano harpsichord organ accordion Term electronic instruments Definition tape studio synthesizer MIDI Term cathedrals Definition places of learning in the Middle Ages; where the music happened! Term Monasteries Definition where monks lived Term convents Definition where nuns lived Term vocal music Definition the most important form of music until the Romantic period Term Gregorian chant Definition the official music of the Catholic Church until 1965-- Melody set to Latin text-- Sung without accompaniment-- Fluid rhythm, little sense of beat-- Melody intended to enhance the text of the mass and set the mood for prayer-- Not written down; learned by rote Term Hildegard of Bingen Definition 1098-1179 One of the few medieval composers whose name was signed to the music-- Convent in Rupertsburg, Germany-- Educated-- Musician and visionary-- Herbalist-- "O Successores" Term troubadours and trouveres Definition traveling singers in the Middle Ages We have some of their words but usually not the music Term vida Definition poem about the troubadour's life Term estampie Definition medieval dance One of the earliest surviving forms of instrumental music Term rebec Definition bowed string instrument of the Middle Ages Term pipe Definition tubular wind instrument of the Middle Ages Term psaltry Definition bowed string instrument of the Middle Ages Plays the drone in Estampie Term organum Definition Medieval music consisting of Gregorian chant plus one or more additional melodic lines (usually parallel) 700-900 Term Paris Definition After 1150, the center of polyphonic music Term School of Notre Dame Definition 1170-1200 this school developed rhythmic notation and measured rhythm Term humanism Definition movement in which primary emphasis on humans rather than divine; Renaissance movement; Revival of Greek thought/culture Term triple impression printing Definition invented in 1501; necessary for printing music Term Franco-Flemish Definition Leading composers in the Renaissance were this. France, Netherlands, Belgium Term characteristics of Renaissance music Definition Vocal music more important than instrumental; Music written to enhance the text moderation Term word painting Definition representation in music of specific poetic images Term Renaissance Definition "The Golden Age of A Cappella music" Term Renaissance Definition in this period, polyphonic lines conceived linearly rather than harmonically; each has great rhythmic independence Term mass Definition polyphonic choral composition made up of 5 sections of the ordinary mass Term Kyrie Gloria Credo Sanctus Agnus Dei Definition 5 parts of the ordinary mass Term motet Definition polyphonic choral work set to a sacred Latin text other than the mass ordinary Term Josquin Desprez Definition Flemish composer (1440-1521) wrote "Ave Maria... Virgo Serena" Term Ave Maria... Virgo Serena Definition Written by Josquin Desprez 4 voices Uses imitation duple-->triple-->duple ends quietly and personally Term madrigal Definition music for several solo voices set to a short poem, usually about love Term madrigalism Definition another word for word painting Term madrigals Definition Renaissance music that combined homophonic and polyphonic textures. More unusual harmonies than motets Began in Italy; spread to England Term Musica Transalpina Definition book of Italian madrigals published with English lyrics; Began the English madrigal craze Term Thomas Weelkes Definition 1575-1623 Wrote "As Vesta Was Descending" Term As Vesta Was Descending Definition Written by Thomas Weelkes Possibly to honor Queen Elizabeth Term baroque Definition in this period, music was mainly written to order Term courts Definition Music was the main form of diversion in these. Term music director Definition In the baroque period, this person: supervised performances; composed music for operas, church, dinner, concerts; was the disciplinarian for the other musicians; repaired instruments; and served as the music librarian. Term baroque Definition old meaning: bizarre, flamboyant, elaborately ornamented Term baroque Definition new meaning: "fills space with action and movement" Term How to become a musician in the baroque period Definition Either by being born into it or apprenticing. Or in orphanages. Term Barbara Strozzi Francesca Caccina Elizabeth Claude Jaquet de la Guerre Definition Three famous women composers of the baroque era Term late baroque Definition in this time period, instrumental music finally rivaled vocal music for importance; polyphony returned. Term unity of mood Definition a characteristic of Baroque music--one mood per piece Term Doctrine of the Affections Definition Baroque period idea that humans could not experience more than one emotion at a time. Specific rhythms and keys were associated with specific moods. Term baroque rhythm Definition forward motion; motor-like Term da capo aria Definition baroque aria; ABA' form. A' = go back and do A again, but ornamented. Term characteristics of baroque melody Definition opening melody heard again and again sequence ornamentation Term characteristics of baroque dynamics Definition periodic sudden shifts-->terraced dynamics Term terraced dynamics Definition baroque dynamic quality--sudden shifts like steps Term characteristics of baroque texture Definition mostly polyphonic, with sequence/imitation Soprano and bass the most important voices More chordal Term basso continuo Definition baroque accompaniment made up of a bass part usually played by 2 instruments: a keyboard and a low melodic instrument (almost always harpsichord); arose during baroque period Term figured bass Definition bass notes with figures (usually numbers) above to indicate chords Term baroque orchestra Definition based on the violin family small by today's standards--10-40 players basso continuo part usually played by harpsichord + cello or oboe Term movement Definition piece that sounds fairly complete but is actually part of a larger work Term in church Definition where commoners got to hear great music in the baroque period Term servants Definition although musicians were often well-paid by the courts, they were still this. Term concerto grosso Definition small group of soloists pitted against a larger group of players (tutti)-->creats contrasts between loud and soft Term concerto Definition piece of music consisting of several movements that contrast in tempo and character First and last movements often in ritornello form Term ritornello Definition means "refrain" Term typical 3 movements of a concerto Definition fast (vigorous, determined) slow (quiet, lyrical, intimate) fast (lively, carefree, dancelike) Term ritornello form Definition form based on alternation between soloists and tutti. Complete ritornello usually heard in 1st and last movements Term tutti Definition means "all" in a baroque concerto, usually 8-20 musicians, mainly strings and a harpsichord for the basso continuo example: Brandenburg Concertos Term Brandenburg concerto no 5, movement 1 Definition one of the concertos written by Bach to honor the Margrave of ___. Solos: flute, violin, harpsichord tutti: strings terms: ritornello; concerto; contrast Term opera Definition drama that is sung to orchestral accompaniment Term opera: soloists Definition stars and secondary performers Term opera: chorus Definition no solos; typically townspeople and soldiers Term opera: dancers Definition typically not singers--provide dance numbers in an opera Term extras Definition people who basically hold space on stage Term scenery Definition by the end of the baroque period, this was the star of the show! Term conductor Definition in an opera, must direct both the singers and the orchestra Term prompter Definition helps the actors with lines Term 1600 Definition date of the beginning of opera in Italy Term libretto Definition the text of the opera Term librettist Definition person who writes the text of the opera Term coloratura soprano Definition female opera singer with VERY high range; known for rapid scales and trills Term lyric soprano Definition female opera singer with a light voice; plays roles that call for grace and charm Term dramatic soprano Definition female opera singer with a full, powerful voice; plays roles calling for passion and intensity Term lyric tenor Definition male opera singer with a light, bright voice Term dramatic tenor Definition male opera singer with powerful, heroic expression Term basso buffo Definition male opera singer who plays comic roles; can sing very rapidly Term basso profundo Definition male opera singer with very low range; can sing dignified roles Term aria Definition song that is part of an opera. Solo voice with orchestral accompaniment. This piece will express the emotional state of the character Term recitative Definition song from an opera that imitates the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech. Lot of repeated notes. Typically 1 note/syllable. Carries the action forward. example: Tu se morta Term ensemble Definition piece sung by 2, 3, or 4 singers. May be polyphonic. Mozart was the master of this. Term opera: chorus Definition generates atmosphere and comments on the action. Modeled after the "Greek chorus" Term overture Definition short musical composition, purely orchestral, that opens an opera and sets the overall dramatic mood Term prelude Definition orchestral introduction to later acts in an opera Term Florentine Camarata Definition Italian "thinking group" that started opera in 1600. Wanted to create a new vocal style modeled on speech. Term Jacopo Peri Definition wrote the first opera in 1600 Term Monteverdi Definition Wrote Orfeo Wanted to create music of emotional intensity--invented pizzicato and tremolo Term Orfeo Definition earliest surviving opera. Written by Monteverdi story of Orpheus and Euridice Term Tu se morta Definition "You Are Dead" Act II recitative from "Orfeo" by Monteverdi terms: word painting, recitative Term Antonio Vivaldi Definition violin teacher, composer, conductor for the music school of the Pieta wrote "The Four Seasons" Term baroque program music Definition music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene example: Spring by Vivaldi Term 1st movement of Spring Definition Ritornello: birds--> streams--> thuinder/lightning--> birds again Term 2nd movement of Spring Definition illustrates shepherd sleeping. Violas are barking dog throughout Term 3rd movement of Spring Definition pastoral dance. Ritornello form. Dotted-note rhythm. Term George Frederic Handel Definition Child prodigy, but not from a musical family Employed in Germany but took an extended leave to England Impresario, composer, performer Term Handel Definition Most known for English oratorios and Italian operas Used polyphony and changes between major and minor keys Term The Hallelujah Chorus Definition By Handel. Part of "The Messiah" includes sudden changes among monophonic, polyphonic, and homophonic Term The Triumphs of Oriana Definition anthology of English madrigals written to honor Queen Elizabeth I Term secco recitative Definition a recitative accompanied by continuo alone, in which the continuo merely provides harmonic support; there are no melodic elements or ornamental elements to the continuo accompaniment ex: Tu se morta Term oratorio Definition large-scale composition for chorus, vocal soloists, and orchestra. Usually set to a narrative text. ex: Handel's Messiah Term Royal Academy of Music Definition Handel's opera company Term recitative Definition the "talkie" part of an opera Term Charles Jennens Definition put the words together for The Messiah Term 50 Definition the number of movements in the Messiah Term Ev'ry Valley Shall Be Exalted Definition Aria in Handel's Messiah terms: word painting; aria; oratorio Term Hellelujah Chorus Definition most famous choral work ever moves between poly-, mono-, and homophonic Term Classical period Definition period of music that corresponded to the "Age of Enlightenment" Term Style galant Definition mid-a8th century composers entertaining their listeners with music offering contrasts of mood and theme. Typically light and graceful in character Term Classical period Definition period characterized by balance Term strings woodwind brass percussion Definition 4 sections of orchestra in classical period Term 1. fast--sonata form 2. slow-- theme & variations (sometimes sonata) 3. dancelike--minuet & trio or scherzo 4. fast--rondo or sonata rondo or sonata Definition 4 movements of a symphony or string quartet Term 2 violins 1 viola 1 cello Definition instruments of a string quartet Term sonata form Definition form of a single movement consisting of 3 main sections--exposition, development, recapitulation Term Exposition Definition Theme 1 in tonic Bridge Theme 2 in new key closing theme Repeat Term Development Definition middle section of sonata form; themes "duke it out" in fragments, many keys Term Recapitulation Definition 3rd section of sonata form Theme 1 Bridge Theme 2 Closing theme (all in tonic) Term coda Definition "tail"; optional ending to sonata form Term Symphony no 40 in Gm 1st movement Definition Mozart symphony "Mr Mozart is in the closet" in sonata form Term Theme and variations Definition A basic musical idea is repeated over and over and changed each time (ex: Haydn Symphony no 94 in Gmaj 2nd mvt (Surprise)) Term theme and variations Definition typical 2nd movement of a symphony, songlike, almost always NOT in tonic key Term countermelody Definition melodic idea that accompanies a main theme--results in polyphony Used in Haydn Symph. no 94 in G maj (Surprise Symphony) Term scherzo Definition "joke"; same form as minuet and trio, but quicker, more energetic, rhythmic drive and rough humor Term serenade Definition A work that is usually light in mood, meant for evening entertainment Term theme and variations Definition graphed A A' A'' A''' etc. Term Symphony no 94 in G major Definition Symphony by Joseph Haydn, called the "Surprise Symphony" Theme & variations form Uses countermelody Term Minuet & trio Definition in 3 often the 3rd movement of a symphony 3 sections Term minuet & trio Definition a (repeat) b a' (repeat) c (repeat) d c' (repeat) a b a' Term Eine Kleine Nachtmusik Definition Mozart 3rd movement serenade Term rondo Definition often the 4th movement in a symphony upbeat, very stable due to constant return to theme A ex: Beethoven String Quartet in C minor, op 18, no 4 Term rondo Definition graphed A B A C A or A B A C A B A Term sonata rondo Definition A B A development section A B A Term Beethoven String Quartet in C Minor, op 18, no 4, 4th movement Definition Rondo form Folklike theme--sounds like gypsy music Term opus Definition a group of works published together. Beethoven's no 18 was a collection of string quartets Term symphony Definition an extended, ambitious composition usually lasting between 20 and 45 minutes, expoiting the extended range of tone color and dynamics of the classical orchestra. Usually 4 movements: fast, slow, dancelike, fast Term concerto Definition three-movement work for an instrumental soloist and orchestra Term Joseph Haydn Definition "Father of the Classical Period" Worked for the Esterhazy family in Vienna Very prolific Term Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Definition child prodigy died young over 600 compositions Term Don Giovanni Definition Mozart opera unique blend of comic and serious Term Don Giovanni Leporello Donna Anna Don Ottavio The Commandante Definition characters of Don Giovanni opening scene Term Beethoven Definition the bridge between the classical and romantic periods first ideal of the "creative genius" deaf Term opera buffa Definition comic opera Term opera sera Definition serious opera Term Fidelio Definition only opera written by Beethoven; revolutionary theme Term Immortal Beloved Definition Letter from Beethoven to unknown lover Term Eroica Symphony Definition Beethoven's 3rd symphony Written to honor Napoleon, but later B scratched his name out and renamed it Term Heiligenstadt testament Definition letter written by Beethoven to his brothers, confessing his deafness and his near suicide--but that his art would keep him going. Term The London Symphonies Definition two sets of symphonies written by Haydn to honor London Term "fate knocking at the door" Definition name for the rhythm of Beethoven's Symphony no 5 Term the horn call theme Definition name for the 2nd theme of Beethoven's Symphony no 5 Term Romanticism Definition cultural movement that stressed emotion, imagination, and individuality Term nationalism Definition deliberate use of folksongs, dances, legends, and history of the composer's homeland Term exoticism Definition music that draws on materials from a foreign land Term chromatic harmony Definition harmony that uses chords containing tones not in the prevailing key Term miniature Definition short piano pieces meant to be played in the home Term thematic transformation Definition melody returns in a later movement or section, but its character is transformed by changes in dynamics, orchestration, or rhythm ex: Symphonie fantastique Term romantic period Definition period in which piano became a fixture in every middle-class home Term art song Definition composition for solo voice and piano, in which poetry and music are intimately fused ex: Erlkonig Term lied Definition German for "song" Term strophic form Definition same music is used for each stanza of a poem (ex: hymns) Term through-composed form Definition new music for each stanza of a poem (ex: Erlkonig) Term modified strophic Definition 3 stanzas, A B A form Term song cycle Definition Romantic art songs grouped in a set (ex: Schubert Die Winterreise) Term Franz Schubert Definition Prolific composer in Vienna; died age 31 Lived Bohemian life with friends Wrote over 600 songs Term Schubertiades Definition parties in which only Schubert's music was played Term Frederic Chopin Definition Composer who wrote almost exclusively for piano Polish/French Made $$ teaching piano to daughters of the rich Love affair with George Sand Term Erlkonig Definition poem about dying boy, father trying to outrace death on horseback. Music by Schubert Term Frederic Chopin Definition wrote miniatures No programmatic titles colorful harmonic chord progressions hint of melanchoy Term nocturne Definition night piece--slow, lyrical, intimate piano composition Term program music Definition instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene ex: Symphonie fantastique Term absolute music Definition NON-program music (ex: Brahms) Term concert overture Definition one movement, usually sonata form NOT meant to usher in a stage work Term program symphony Definition program music composition in several movements ex: Symphonie fantastique Term incidental music Definition music to be performed before and during a play Term Hector Berlioz Definition Composer who fell in love with Shakespearean actress Harriet Smithson and wrote "Symphonie fantastique" about her Well-known music critic One of the first great conductors wrote for HUGE orchestras Term symphonic poem or tone poem Definition one-movement piece; ex: Sorcerer's Apprentice May be any form Term Symphonie fantastique Definition 5-movement symphony by Hector Berlioz about his obsession with Harriet Smithson Term idee fixe Definition single theme meant to represent one thing ex: "beloved" theme in Symphonie fantastique Term nationalism Definition feelings awakened during French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars Resulted in new enthusiasm for folk songs, legends, dances, fairy tales Term Antonin Dvorak Definition Polish/French composer Worked in both NY and Prague Wrote New World Symphony (Symphony no 9 in Emin) Term Giacomo Puccini Definition Major opera composer Italian Wrote: La Boheme Mme Butterfly Tosca Term La Boheme Definition 4 normal characters live in a flat in Paris. One falls in love with the girl next door, who dies of TB Term characters of Le Boheme Definition Rodolfo--poet Marcello--painter Colline--philosopher Schaunard--musician Mimi--seanstress Term O successors Definition Hildegard of Bingen Medieval Gregorian chant Term Estampie Definition Anonymous Medieval dance Term Ave Maria... Virgen serena Definition Josquin Desprez Renaissance motet Term As Vesta Was Descending Definition Thomas Weelkes Renaissance madrigal Term Brandenburg Concerto no 5 in D Major, mvt 1 Definition Bach Baroque concerto grosso Term Tu se morta Definition Monteverdi Baroque Recitative Term Hallelujah Chorus Definition Handel Baroque oratorio Term Ev'ry Valley Definition Handel Baroque aria Term Symphony no 40 in G minor, mvt 1 Definition Mozart Classical sonata form Term Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, mvt 3 Definition Mozart Classical serenade (minuet & trio form) Term Don Giovanni Act ! Intro Definition Mozart Classical opera Term Symphony no 5 in C minor, mvt 1 Definition Beethoven Classical symphony (sonata form) Term Symphony no 94, "Surprise" symphony, mvt 2 Definition Haydn Classical theme & variations Term String quartet Op 18, no 4, mvt 4 Definition Beethoven Classical string quartet (rondo form) Term Erlkonig Definition Schubert Romantic art song Term Symphonie fantastique Definition Berlioz Romantic program symphony Term La Boheme, Act 1 Definition Puccini Romantic Opera Term Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun Definition Debussy 20th-c. ballet Term Rite of Spring Definition Stravinsky 20th-c. Ballet Term Pierrot lunaire Definition Schoenberg 20th-c. song cycle Term Five Pieces for Orchestra Definition Webern 20th-c. orchestral composition Term Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano Definition Cage 20th-c. ? Term Poeme electronique Definition Varese 20th-c. ? Term polychord Definition combinations of 2 chords heard at once 20th-c. Term tone cluster Definition chord made up of tones only a half step or whole step apart 20th-c. Term polytonality Definition use of 2 or more keys at once 20th-c. Term bitonality Definition 2 keys used at once 20th-c. Term atonality Definition absence of tonality or key Term 12-tone system Definition developed by Schoenberg Equal prominence given to each of the 12 chromatic tones Term polyrhythm Definition 2 or more contrasting, independent rhythms at the same time Term ostinato Definition motive or phrase that is repeated persistently at the same pitch throughout a section Term whole-tone scale Definition scale of 6 notes each a whole step apart Term Impressionism Definition movement in art showing light and reflections rather than objects Debussy's music Term Debussy Definition "Mr Tone Color" Term "primitivism" Definition Movement in 20th-c. music to evoke primitive power through percussive sounds, intense rhythm. ex: Stravinsky Rite of Spring