Anticolinergics

Tranquilizers

Opioids

Alpha2adrenergic Agonists

Alpha2adrenergic Antagonists

Tranquilizeropioid Combinations

Paralytic Agents

• Block certain acetylfholine (neurotransmitter)receptors
• Reduce sectretions (saliva)
• Prevent vagal inhibition (bradycardia) and GI stimulation
• Reduce vagus nerve response (vomiting)
• Relieve cholinergicmediated bronchoconstriction and promotes bronchodilation
• Dilate the pupil and reduce tear secretions
• Diminish the effect of acetylcholine
• Treatment of choice for opioid, xylazine, and vagal reflex activity induced bradycardia

Anticholinergics:

Atropine Sulfate

• Decrease oral, respiratory, and pharyngeal secretions
• Increase anatomic and physiologic respiratory dead space
• Suppress vagal influence on the heart
• Decrease lacrimination
• Increase incidence of cardiac dysrhythmias and sinus tachycardia in dogs
• Contraindicated with tachycardia, constipation, and obstruction
• May cause thick mucus secretions in cats
• Cats, rats, and rabbits may have atropine esterase
• Overdoes may cause dry mucous membranes, thirst, dilated pupils, and tachycardia (dogs more susceptible)
• Can be treated with repeated doses of 0.02 mg/kg physostigmine to a maximum of 0.5 mg/animal administered IV over several minutes
• Repeated doses should be stopped at a total dose of 2 mg/animal
• Minimally effective in sheep and goats
• Will prolong thiopental anesthesia and even cause reanesthetization in dogs
• Not recommended in rodents due to their rapid HR
• Not recommended in ruminants due to increased saliva viscosity, short duration, and the increased incidence of bloat

Anticholinergics:

Glycopyrrolate

• Synthetic qaternary ammonium
• Decrease volume and acidity of gastric secretions, intestinal motility, and tracheal, bronchial, and pharyngeal secretions
• Reduce diffusion over bloodbrain or placental membranes
• Lasts longer than atropine sulfate
• Prevents ketamine/xylazine associated bradycardia in rabbits
• Blocks vagal reflexes
• Lasts longer than atropine but has a longer onset of action in ruminants

• Relieve anxiety
• Quiet and calm the animal
• Decrease anesthetic dosages
• Reduce vomiting
• Have no analgesic effects
• Anesthesia recovery is smoother
• Reduce histamine release (allergy)
• Promote skeletal muscle relaxation
• May promote vasodilation
• Leads to drop in BP (hypotension) and excessive heat loss
• May lower seizure thresholds
• Act as an anticonvulsants

Tranquilizer:

Acepromazine maleate

• Phenothiazine derivative
• Potent neuroleptic agent with low toxicity
• Dogs; dose should not exceed 3 mg
• May reduce or prevent malignant hyperthermia in swine

Tranquilizer:

Droperidol

• Butyrophenone tranquilizer
• Alphadrenergic antagonist
• May prevent epinephrine induced dysrhythmia
• Decreases barbituate doses
• Primarily used as a component of InnovarVet in a mixture with fentanyl

Tranquilizer:

Diazepam (Valium)

Tranquilizer:

Midazolam

Tranquilizer:

Flumazenil

Opioids:

Morphine sulfate

Opioids:

Meperidine hudrochloride

(Demerol, Pethidine)

Opioids:

Methadone hydrochloride

(Methadone, Dolophine)

Opioids:

Oxymorphone hydrochloride

(Numorphan)