Details Title: Abnormal Description: Chapters 7 & 13 - Somatoform & Dissociative Disorders Total Flash Cards: 93 Created: 05/10/2006 09:38:18		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Psychology Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Dissociative disorders Definition persistent, maladptive disruptions in the integration of memory, consciousness, or identity. Verge on the unbelievable. Person may be unable to remember many seemingly familiar details about the past; he or she may wander far from home or perhaps assume a new identity, or even 2 personalities may coexist in the same person Term explicit memory Definition conscious recollection of a past event Term implicit memory Definition changes in behavior apparently based on a memory of prior event, but with no conscious remembering of the event Term Why are recovered memories controversial? Definition They are dramatic recollections of long-ago traumatic experiences supposedly blocked from the conscious mind by dissociation Term Characteristics of dissociative disorders Definition persistent, maladptive disruptions in integration of memory, consciousness, or identity that occur outside of conscious awarness Term Dissociative fugue Definition a rare & unusual disorder characterized by sudden, unplanned travel, the inability to remember details about the past, and confusion about identity or assumption of a new identity. It typically follows a traumatic event. Travel is purposeful as well Term depersonalization disorder Definition a less dramatic form of dissociation whein people feel detached from themselves and their social or physical environment. Sensations as feeling as though you were in a dream or floating about your body and observing yourself act. They are persistent or recurrent, and they cause distress Term Dissociative amnesia Definition partial or complete loss of recall for particular events or for a period of time. a sudden inability to recall extensive an impt personal info that exceeds normal forgetfulness. Term psychogenic amnesia Definition results from traumatic stress or emotional distress Term dissociative identity disorder Definition 2 or mor personalities coexist within a single ind, and one or both of the personalities may be unaware of the existence of the other. also known as multiple personality disorder Term Why has there been an increase of DID since 1980? Definition It has occurred in conjunction with growing public concern about child sexual abuse, a traumatic experience that has been hypothesized to play a role in the etiology of many dissociative disorders Term % of population thought to have dissociative disorders? Definition over 10% of adult population Term wrong misdiagnoses of dissociative disorders Definition many ppl diagnosed with schizophrenia, BPD, depression, panic disorder, or substance abuse Term existence of DIs outside the US Definition rarely diagnosed outside of US & Canada Term "Bianchi" condition Definition Findings raise caution that the "symptoms" of DID can be induced through role playing and hypnosis Term Etiology of DIs Definition theory and speculation dominate because little systematic research has been done Term psychological factors Definition multiple personalities develop in response to trauma, particularly trauma of child abuse Term State depedent learning Definition a process documented in lab reasearch wherein learning that takes place in one state of affect or consciousness is best recalled within the same state of consciousness Term biological factors for DIs Definition very little evidence and not much more speculation has been offered. no genetic contribution to dissociative symptoms Term most important contributing cause of DIs Definition shared family environment Term Social factors and "iatrogenesis" Definition DIs are often produced by iatrogenesis, whcih is the manufacture of the DDs by their treatment. Many 'cases' were created by the expectations of the therapists Term abreaction Definition emotional reliving of a past traumatic event Term What might be an iatrogenic effect of abreaction? Definition many skeptics are concerned that hypnosis can exacerbate or even create dissociative symptoms, or false memories of past abuse Term primary therapeutic goal in treating DID Definition reinforce the different personalities as a whole; not to have only one personality triumph over the others Term Overreaching goal of prescribing medications for DID Definition to reduce distress, not to cure the disorder Term Somatoform Disorders characteristics Definition Problems characterized by unusual symptoms that occur in absence of a known physical illness; only in the physical form; there is really nothing physicall wrong with the person (no underlying organic impairment); substantial impairment, particularly a sensory or muscular system; often multiple physical symptoms; preoccupation with a particular body part w/ fears Term conversion disorder Definition symptoms mimic those found in neurological diseases; hysterical blindness or paralysis; they have no anatomic sense; accurately conveys central assumption of diagnosis- the idea that psychological conflicts are converted into physical symptoms Term somatization disorder Definition a history of multiple, somatic complaints in the absence of organic impairments; patient must complain of at least 8 physical symptoms: pain, gastrointestinal, sexual, double vision, numbness, seizures; histrionic manner (vague, but dramatic, self centered, and seductive); la belle indifference (flippant lack of concern for physical symptoms Term hypochondriasis Definition a fear or belief that one is suffering from a physical illness; preoccupation with fears of disease extends over long periods of time (at least 6 months); not delusional Term pain disorder Definition preoccupation with pain Term body dysmorphic disorder Definition preoccupied with some imagined defect in appearance; typically a facial preoccupation that may lead to repeated visits to a plastic surgeon; cause significant distress and interfere with work or relationships Term malingering disorder Definition pretending to have a somatoform disorder in order to achieve some external gain, such as a disability payment; more dramatic symptoms Term factitious disorder Definition motivated primarly by a desire to assume the sick role rather than by a desire for external gain; pretend to be ill or make themselves appear to be ill. ex: taking drugs that produce a rapid heart rate Term prevalence rates among somatoform disorders Definition Rare, hypochondrias are rare, somatization is rare, all disorders besides hypochondrais are more common among women (10x more common), occur in lower socioeconomic gropus, 4x more common among African A. Term What are the most prominent disorders that co-occur with Somatoform Disorders? What are possible explanations for the comorbidity? Definition Depression & anxiety. Either condition may cause the other, or both could be caused by a 3rd variable, such as life stress Term Why is somatization disorder frequently linked with ASPD? Definition ASPD may be the male expression of high negative emotion & absence of inhibition, where as somatization disorder is the female expression of the same characteristics Term Psychological Factors of somatoform disorders Definition Onset of somatization is triggered by traumatic stress; exposure to dead bodies Term Secondary gain Definition avoiding work or responsibility to gain attention and sympathy Term biological factors for somatoform disorders Definition no organic cause of symptom can be identified; identifcation of somatoform disorders involves a process called diagnosis by exclusion Term social factors of SDs Definition limited insight into their emotional distress and/or lack of social tolerance of psychological complaints Term How is pain disorder treated? Definition cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) Term Why is there such limited research investigating treatment of Somatoform Disorders Definition because most of disorders are treated by a physician and they receive physical treatment, and never seek help from a mental health professional Term schizophrenia Definition changes in the way a person thinks, feels, and relates to other people outside encironment; various combos of psychotic symptoms in the absence of other forms of disturbance, such as mood disorders; disrupts many aspects of a person's life; it is 2nd leading cause of disease burden Term typical onset of schizophrenia Definition during adolescence or early adulthood; between ages 15-35 Term Prodromal stage of schizo Definition precedes active phase and is marked by an obvious deterioration in role functioning as a student, employee, or homemaker; peculiar behaviors, unusual percpetions, outburst of anger, increased tension, restlessness; social withdrawal, indeciveness, lack of willpower Term active phase of schizo Definition hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech Term residual phase of schizo Definition follows active stage; defined by symptoms similar to those of prodromal stage; positive symptoms have improved, but person still continues to be impaired in various ways; negative symptoms, such as impoverished expression of emotions Term Hallucinations in schizo Definition a positive symptom; sensory experiences that aren't caused by actual external stimuli; most often auditory- they hear voices that can be comforting or pleasing to the patient Term delusions during schizo Definition beliefs that are rigidly held in spite of their preposterous nature; patients express and defend their beliefs with utmost conviction; preoccupation; not typically shared with others; many focus on grandiose or paranoid content Term negative symptoms Definition something that appears to be missing from the person's behavior Term blunted affect Definition lack of outward expression; flattening or restriction of the person's nonverbal display of emotional responses; affective flattening; neither happy or sad; apathetic and expressionless Term anhedonia Definition inability to experience pleasure; lack of positive subjective feelings Term avoltion Definition lack of will or volition; indeciveness, ambivalence, or loss of willpower; apathetic and ceases to work toward personal goals or to function independently Term alogia Definition poverty of speech, thought blocking; "speechless"; remarkable reductions in speech; patients train of speech is interrupted before a though or idea has been completed Term disorganized speech Definition involves tendency of some patients to say things that don't make sense; make irrelavent responses to questions, expressing disconnected ideas, and using words in peculiar ways Term thought disorder Definition part of disorganized speehc because the failur to communicate successfully reflects a disturbance in the though patterns that govern verbal discourse Term catatonia Definition immobility and marked muscular rigidy; also can refer to excitment and overactivity; ex: purposeless or repetetious movments; may assume unusual postures or remain rigid standing or sitting for longs periods of time Term stuporous state Definition catatonic posturing; reduced responsiveness; unaware of surroundings Term inappropriate affect Definition incongruity and lack of adaptability in emotional expression; content of speech is inconsistent with facial expressions Term dementia praecox Definition splitting of mental associations Term Criteria A for schizo Definition 2 or more of following symptoms that last for a significant period of time during a 1 month period: delusions, hallucinations, disorg speech, grossly disorg or catatonic behavior, negative symptoms (such as affective flattening, alogia, or avolition) Term criteria b for schizo Definition social/occupational dysfunction: one or more major areas of functioning such as work, interpersonal relations is markedly below level of achieved prior to onset Term criteria c for schizo Definition duration: continuous signs of disturbance persist for at least 6 months and 1 month must meet for criteria a Term Catatonic Type Definition symptoms of motor immobility or excessive and purposeless motor activity Term Disorganized type Definition Disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and flat or inappropriate affect; all 3 symptoms must be present Term Paranoid Type Definition systematic delusions with persecutory or grandiose content; preoccupation with frequent auditory hallucinations Term Undiffereniated type Definition patients who display prominent psychotic symptoms and either meet criteria for several subtypes or otherwise don't meet criteria for catatonic, paranoid, or disorganized types Term residual type Definition patients no longer meet the criteria for active phase, but still express signs of negative symptoms; "partial remission" Term Schizoaffective Disorder Definition Patients who fall on the boundary between schizophrenia and mood disorder with psychotic features; symptoms overlap with a MDE or manic episode; presence of delusions or hallucinations for at least 2 weeks in absence of prominent mood symptoms; if delusions or hallucinations are present during a depressive episode, then it's MDE with psychotic features Term Delusional Disorder Definition Doesn't meet full symptomatic criteria for schizophrenia, but are preoccupied for at least 1 month with non-bizarre delusions; no hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior, or negative symptoms Term Brief Psychotic Disorder Definition People who exhibit psychotic symptoms- delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or disorganized or catatonic behavior for at least one day, but no more than one month Term What factors should be taken into consideration when thinking about outcome of schizo? Definition Severe, progressive disorder that most often begins in adolescence and typically has a poor outcome. Best predictor of social adjustment is previous social adjustment Term Life time morbidity risk for schizo Definition Proportion of a specific population will be affected by the disorder at some time during their lives; 1% Term ECA data for schizo Definition Begins earlier in men than in wome; men 18-25 and women 25-35; men have more negative symptoms and women have more positive symptoms; women better response to treatment Term Gender differences in schizo Definition Biological difs involving certain hormones Term Cross-Cultural Comparisons (WHO, IPSS) for schizo Definition Incidence in schizo is relatively constant across dif cultural settings; better follow up results in developed countries; schizo occurs with similar freq and presents similar symptoms in different cultures Term Findings from behavioral genetics in schizo Definition Some type of genetic influence; much higher prevalence among 1st degree relatives; MZ twins have higher concordance; polygenic characteristic Term Why are birth complications harmful? Definition children have increased risk for schizo; chidren from famine also at higher reisk for birth defects Term Bad time of year for schizo Definition winter months with viral infections Term What are the findings from Structural Brain Imaging (MRI)? What part of the brain are implicated Definition Most have a decrease in total volume of brain tissue; mildly to moderately enlarged lateral ventricles Term What are the findings from Functional Brain Imaging (PET, fMRI) for schizo? Definition Dysfunctions in various neural networks, including some regions of prefrontal cortex and several regions of temporal lobes; structural and functional irregularities in frontal cortex and limbic areas of temporal lobes Term Dopamine Hypothesis for schizo Definition function of specific dopamine pathways in the limbic area of the brain; excessive levels of dopaminergic activty Term What is relationship between social class and Schizophrenia? Definition Highest prevalence among low SES Term Social causation hypothesis Definition stress & social isolation, poor nutrition, low social class play a causal role in development of schizo Term social selection hypothesis Definition cognitive/social impairments associated with the illness lead individuals to drift to a lower SES Term Expressed Emotion Definition family environment does have a significant impact on course of schizo; ex: high EE family Term schizotaxia Definition inds who are predisposed to schizophrenia inherit a subtle neurological defect of unknown form Term Threshold model Definition liability is viewed as lying along a continuum, but the probability that certain symptoms will be present changes dramatically as the person crosses a threshold Term antipsychotic medication Definition treat positive symptoms; target dopamine receptors; older version of medicine Term atypical antipsychotics Definition newer version; target negative symptoms (not positive) Term what's the most cost effective treatment for schizo? Definition assertive community treatment Term What's most effective in high EE families? Definition Family-Oriented Aftercare Term Institutional programs Definition token economies to help increase freq of desired behavior and decrease undesirable behavior