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| The scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning. |
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| A society's stated and unstated rules for proper conduct. |
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| A people's common history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology, and arts. |
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| Gather information systematically so that they may describe, predict, and explain the phenomena they study. |
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| Detect, assess, and treat abnormal patterns of functioning. |
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Definition
- Deviance
- Distress
- Dysfunction
- Danger
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| Behavior, thoughts, and emotions that break norms of psychological functioning. |
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| Behavior, ideas, or emotions usually have to cause distress before they can be labeled abnormal. |
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| Abnormal behavior tends to be dysfunctional when it interferes with daily functioning. |
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Behavior that becomes dangerous to oneself or others.
*Being dangerous is the Exception rather than the Rule. |
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places such an emphasis on society's role that he finds the whole concept of mental illness to be invalid (a myth).
Societies invent the concept of mental illness so that they can better control or change people whose unusual patterns of functioning upset or threaten the social order.
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| A procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior. |
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Jerome Frank
"All forms of therapy have three essential features" |
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Definition
1. A sufferer: seeks relief from a healer.
2. A trained, socially accepted Healer: whose expertise is accepted by the sufferer and his or her social group.
3. A series of contacts: between the healer and the sufferer, through which the healer tries to produce certain changes in the sufferer's emotional state, attitudes, or behavior. |
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A pioneer in the modern clinical field.
noted that Therapists are not in agreement as to their goals or aims. |
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| An ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull, perhaps to treat abnormal behavior. |
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| According to the Greeks and Romans, bodily chemicals that influence mental and physical functioning. |
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Definition
To coax the evil spirits to leave or to make the person's body an uncomfortable place in which to live.
A Shaman or Priest might recite prayers, plead with the evil spirirts, insult the spirits, perform magic, make loud noises, or have the person drink bitter potions. |
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The father of modern medicine.
taught that illnesses had natural causes. He saw abnormal behavior as a disease arising from internal physical problems. An imbalance of four fluids, or humors that flowed through the body. |
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Definition
First physician to specialize in mental illness. Founder of the modern study of psychopathology.
Believed that the mind was as susceptible to sickness as the body was. |
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Definition
A type of institution that first became popular in the 16th century to provide care for persons with mental disorders.
Most became virtual prisons. |
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| A 19th century approach to treating people with mental dysfunction that emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful treatment. |
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| State-run public mental institutions in the United States. |
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| The view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes. |
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| The view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological. |
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| Chief physician La Bicetre who argued that the patients were sick people whose illnesses should be treated with sympathy and kindness rather than chains and beatings. |
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| Brought reform and moral treatment to northern England. Founder of the York Retreat. |
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Definition
Father of American Psychiatry
Responsible for the early spread of moral treatment in the United States. |
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Definition
A Schoolteacher who made humane care a public and political concern in the United States.
She went to state legislature to state legislature and to Congress speaking of the horrors she had observed at asylums, calling for reform. Resulting in new laws and greater government funding. |
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Definition
| Responsible for the rebirth of the Somatogenic perspective. He published a textbook arguing that physical factors, such as fatigue, are responsible for mental dysfunction. |
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Definition
Psychogenic Perspective:
Patients suffered from Hysterical Disorders (mysterious bodily ailments that had no apparent physical basis.
Mesmerism: dark room filled with music: then ha appeared dressed in a colorful costume, and touched the trobled area of each patient's body with a special rod.
Banished from Paris because of controversial treatment |
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Definition
Root- Mesmer's procedure.
Greek word for sleep. |
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Hippoltye-Marie Bernheim &
Ambroise-Auguste Leibault |
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Definition
| Established that a Mental Process - Hypnotic suggestion - could both cause and cure even a physical dysfunction. |
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Definition
Father of psychoanalysis
developed the theory of psychoanalysis, which holds that many forms of abnormal and normal psychological functioning are psychogenic. He ** believed that unconscious psychological processes are at the root of such functioning. |
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Definition
| Drugs that mainly affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning. |
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Definition
| correct extremely confused anddistorted thinking. |
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Definition
| lift the mood of depressed people |
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Definition
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Definition
| The practice, begun in the 1960s, of releasing hundreds of thousands of patients from public mental hospitals. |
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Definition
| An arrangement in which a person directly pays a therapist for counseling services. |
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Definition
| Interventions aimed at detering mental disorders before they can develop. |
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Definition
| The study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits, and abilities. |
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Definition
| The field of psychology that examines the impact of culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and similar factors on our behaviors and thoughts and focuses on how such factors may influence the origin, nature, and treatment of abnormal behavior. |
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Definition
| A system of health care coverage in which the insurance companies largely controls the nature, scope, and cost of medical or psychological services. |
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Definition
| directs insurance companies to provide equal coverage for mental and medical problems. |
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Definition
| professionals who earn a doctorate in clinical psycology by completing four to five years of graduate training in abnormal functioning and its treatment and also complete a one-year internship at a mental health setting. |
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Definition
| physicians who complete three to four additional years of training after medical school (a residency) in the treatment of abnormal mental functioning. |
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| Counseling Psychologists, Educational and School Psychologists, Psychiatric Nurses, Marriage Therapists, Family Therapists, and Psychiatric Social Workers (largest group) |
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Definition
| Each has its own graduate training program. Each conducts therapy in a distinctive way, but in reality clinicians from the various specialties often use similar techniques. |
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Definition
| have tried to determine which concepts best explain and predict abnormal behavior, which treatments are most effective, and what kinds of changes may be required. |
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Definition
viewed abnormal behavior as the work of evil spirits.
They used trephination and exorcism to treat abnormal behavior. |
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Definition
Offered more enlightened explanations of mental disorders.
Hippocrates believed that abnormal was caused by an imbalance of the four bodily fluids or humors: black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm.
Treatment consisted of correcting the underlying physical pathology through diet and lifestyle. |
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Definition
Returned to demonolological explanations.
The clergy was very influential and held that mental disorders were the work of the devil.
As the Middle Ages drew to a close, such explanationsand treatments began to decline, and people with mental disorders were increasingly treated in hospitals instead of by the clergy. |
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Definition
Care of people with mental disorders continued to improve during the early part of the Renaissance. Certain religious shrines became dedicated to the humane treatment of such individuals.
By the middle of the 16th century, however, persons with mental disorders were being warehoused in asylums. |
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Definition
Care of people with mental disorders started to improve again with the movement toward moral treatment.
Unfortunately the moral treatment movement disintegrated by the late 19th century, and mental hospitals again became warehouses where inmates received minimal care. |
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Term
The Early Twentieth Century |
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Definition
Return of the somatogenic perspective: physical factors.
Kraeplins finding that general paresis was caused by the organic disease syphillis.
Rise of the psychogenic perspective: psychological. Rise of hypnotism to treat patients with hysterical disorders and Freud's psychogenic approach: psychoanalysis. |
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Definition
New psychotropic medications, Deinstitutionalization, Outpatient Treatment, Prevention, Multicultural Psychology, Insurance - Managed Care
Variety of perspectives and professionals have come to operate in the field of abnormal psychology, and many well-trained clinical researchers now investigate the field's theories and treatments. |
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Definition
| a severe disorder that causes poeple to lose contact with reality. |
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Definition
| a pointed instrument was inserted into the frontal lobe of the brain and rotated, destroying much brain tissue. |
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Definition
| A general understanding of the nature, causes, and treatments of abnormal psychological functioning in the form of laws or principals. |
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Definition
| The process of systematically gathering and evaluating information through careful observations to gain understanding of a phenomenon. |
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Definition
| A hunch or prediction that certain variables are related in certain ways. |
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Definition
| A detailed account of a person's life and psychological problems. |
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Definition
| The accuracy with which a study can pinpoint one of various possible factors as the cause of a phenomenon. |
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Definition
| The degree to which the results of a study may be generalized beyond that study. |
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Definition
| The degree to which events or characteristics vary along with each other. |
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Definition
| A research procedure used to determine how much events or characteristics vary along with each other. |
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Definition
| a study that measures the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a given population. |
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Definition
| The number of new cases of a disorder occurring in a population over a specific period of time. |
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Definition
| The total number of cases of a disorder occurring in a population over a specific period of time. |
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Definition
| A study that observes the same participants on many occasions over a long period of time. |
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Definition
| Draw the line so that the data points are as close to it as possible... |
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Definition
| A research procedure in which a variable is manipulated and the effect of the manipulation is observed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The variable in an experiment that is manipulated to determine whether it has an effect on another variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| The variable in an experiment that is expected to change as the independent variable is manipulated. |
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Term
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Definition
| In an experiment, a variable other than the independent variable that is also acting on the dependent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| In an experiment, a group of participants who are not exposed to the independent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| In an experiment, the participants who are exposed to the independent variable under investigation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Researchers must inform research participants about the nature of the study and about their rights. (What their getting themseleves into). |
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Definition
| A selection procedure that ensures that participants are randomly placed either in the control group or in the experimental group. |
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Definition
| An experiment in which participants do not know whether they are in the experimental or the control condition. |
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Definition
| A sham treatment that the participant in an experiment believes to be genuine. |
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Definition
| Experimental procedure in which neither the participant nor the experimenter knows whether the participant has received the experimental treatment or the placebo. |
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Definition
| indicates whether the amount of improvement is meaningful in the individuals life. |
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Term
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Definition
| indicates whether a participants improvement in functioning-large or small-occurred because of treatment. |
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Term
| **Although experimenters can determine statistical significance, only individuals and their clinicians can fully evaluate clinical significance. |
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Definition
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Definition
experimenter's may have expectations that they unintentionally transmit to the participants in their studies.
EX: smiling when providing real medications to experimental participants but frown when administering the placebo to the control group. |
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Definition
An experiment in which investigators make use of control and experimental groups that already exist in the world at large. (also called mixed design).
ex: child abuse - children who have been abused. |
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Definition
An experiment in which nature, rather than an experimenter, manipulates an independent variable.
ex: floods, earthquakes, hurricanes... |
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Definition
| the participants, the experimenters, and the judges are blind. |
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Definition
A research method in which the experimenter produces abnormal-like behavior in laboratory participants and then conducts experiments on the participants.
ex: animals then humans... |
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Term
single subject experimental design |
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Definition
A research method in which a single participant is observed and measured both before and after the manipulation of an independent variable.
ex: ABAB design - participants reactions are measured... |
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Definition
| A set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations. Also called paradigm. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The tiny space between the nerve ending of one neuron and the dendrite of another. |
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Definition
| A chemical that, released by one neuron, crosses the synaptic space to be received at receptors on the dendrites of neighboring neurons. |
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Definition
| A site on a neuron that receives a neurotransmitter. |
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Definition
| The chemicals released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream. |
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Definition
| Chromosome segments that control the characteristics and traits we inherit. |
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Definition
| Drugs that primarily affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychotropic drugs that help reduce tension and anxiety. Also called, minor tranqualizers or anxiolytics. |
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Definition
| Psychotropic drugs that improve the moods of people with depression. |
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Definition
| Psychotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suffering from a bipolar mood disorder. Also called mood stabilizers. |
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Definition
| Psychotropic drugs that help correct the confusion, hallucinations, and delusions found in psychotic disorders. |
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Term
electroconvulsive therapy |
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Definition
| A form of biologocal treatment, used primarily on depressed patients, in which a brain seizure is triggered as an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patients forehead. |
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Definition
| Brain surgery for mental disorders. Also called neurosurgery. |
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Definition
| According to Freud, the psychological force that produces instinctual needs, drives, and impulses. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, the psychological force that employs reason and operates in accordance with the reality principle. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to psychoanalytic theory, strategies developed by the ego to control unacceptable id impulses and to avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse. |
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Definition
| According to Freud, the psychological force that represents a person's values and ideas. |
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Definition
| According to Freud, a condition in which the id, ego, and superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development. |
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Definition
| The psychodynamic theory that emphasizes the role of the ego and considers it an independent force. |
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Term
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Definition
| The psychodynamic theory that emphasizes the role of self-our unified personality. |
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Definition
| The psychodynamic theory that views the desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior. |
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Definition
| A psychodynamic technique in which the patient describes any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant. |
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Term
Freud's Stages of Development |
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Definition
0-18 mths oral stage
18 mth - 3 yr anal
3 - 5 yr phallic
5 - 12 ys latency
12 - adult genital |
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Definition
| An unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to psychodynamic theorists, the redirection toward the psychotherapists of feelings associated with important figures in a patients life, now or in the past. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of ideas and images that form during sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reliving of past repressed feelings in order to settle internal conflicts and overcome problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| The psychoanalytic process of facing conflicts, reinterpreting feelings, and overcoming one's problems. |
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Term
relational psychoanalytic therapy |
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Definition
| A form of psychodynamic therapy that considers therapists to be active participants in the formation of patient's feelings and reactions, and therefore calls for therapists to disclose their own experiences and feelings in discussions with patients. |
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Term
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Definition
| A simple form of learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of learning in which behavior that leads to satisfying consequences is likely to be repeated. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of learning in which an individual acquires responses by observing and imitating others. |
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Definition
| A process of learning by temporal association in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become fused in a person's mind and produce the same response. |
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Term
systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| A behavioral treatment in which clients with phobias learn to react calmly instead of with intense fear to the objects or situations they dread. |
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Definition
| The belief that one can master and perform needed behaviors whenever necessary. |
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Definition
Father of Classical Conditioning.
**Animal studies, dog/saliva.. |
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Term
cognitive-behavioral therapies |
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Definition
| Therapy approaches that seek to help clients change both counterproductive behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking. |
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Term
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Definition
| A therapy developed by Aaron Beck that helps people recognize and change their faulty thinking processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The humanistic process by which people fulfill their potential for goodness and growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| The humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which clinicians try to help clients by conveying acceptance, accurate empathy, and geniuneness. |
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Term
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Definition
| The humanistic therapy developed by Fritz Perls in which clinicians actively move clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance by using techniques such as role playing and self-discovery exercises. |
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Term
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Definition
| A therapy that encourages clients to accept responsibility for their lives and to live with greater meaning and value. |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory that views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns and unstated rules. |
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Term
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Definition
| A therapy format in which a group of people with similar problems meet together with a therapist to work on those problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group made up of people with similar problems who help and support one another without the direct leadership of a clinician. Also called mutual help group. |
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Term
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Definition
| A therapy format in which the therapist meets with all members of a family and helps them change in therapeutic ways. |
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Term
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Definition
| A therapy format in which the therapist works with two people who share a long-term relationship. Also called marital therapy. |
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Term
community mental health treatment |
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Definition
| A treatment approach that emphasizes community care. |
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Term
multicultural perspective |
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Definition
| The view that each culture within a larger society has a particular set of values and beliefs, as well as special external pressures that help account for the behavior and functioning of its members. Also called culturally diverse perspective. |
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Term
culure-sensitive therapies |
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Definition
| Approaches that seek to address the unique issues faced by members of minority groups. |
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Term
gender-sensitive therapies |
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Definition
| Approaches geared to the pressures of being a woman in Western society. Also called feminist therapies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Explanations that attribute the cause of abnormality to an interaction of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavorial, cognitive, social, and societal influences. |
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Term
idiographic understanding |
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Definition
| An understanding of the behavior of a particular individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of collecting and interpreting relevant information about a client or research participant. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process in which a test is administered to a large group of people whose performance then serves as a standard or norm against which any individual's score can be measured. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of the consistency of test or research results. |
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Term
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Definition
| The accuracy of a test's or study's results; that is , the extent to which the test or study actually measures or shows what it claims. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set if interview questions and observations designed to reveal the degree and nature of a client's abnormal functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| A device for gathering information about a few aspects of a person's psychological functioning from which broader information about the person can be inferred. |
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Term
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Definition
| A test consisting of ambiguous material that people interpret or respond to. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inkblot test. The image a viewer saw corresponded in important ways with his/her psychological condition. |
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Term
Thematic Apperception Test |
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Definition
| Commonly called TAT. Participant are shown black and white pictures of individuals in vague situations and are asked to make up a dramatic story about the picture. *Participants generally identify with one of the characters on the pictures. |
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Term
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Definition
| People are asked to complete the sentence. "I wish..." or "My Father.." |
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Term
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Definition
People are asked to draw something...
Operates on the assumption that a drawing tells us something about its creator.
*DAP - Draw a person test - most popular. |
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Term
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Definition
| A test designed to measure broad personality characteristics, consisting of statements about behaviors, beliefs, and feelings that people evaluate as either characteristic or uncharacteristic of them. |
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Term
The most commonly used personality inventory is the Minnesota Mutliphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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Definition
*over 500 self-statements, to be labeled true, false, or cannot say.
*Statements make up 10 clinical scales, on which an individual can score from 0-120. When people score above 70 on a scale their functioning on that scale is considered deviant.
*When the 10 scale scores are considered side by side, a pattern called a "Profile" takes shape, indicating the person's general personality. |
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Term
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Definition
Hypochondriasis: abnormal concerns with bodily functions.
Depression: extreme pessimism and hopelessness.
Hysteria: person may use physical/mental symptoms as a way of unconsciously avoiding conflicts/responsibilities
Physchopathic deviate: repeated and gross disregard for social customs and an emotional shallowness
Masculinity-feminity: seperate male and female respondents ("I like to arrange flowers") |
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Term
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Definition
Paranoia: abnormal suspiciousness and delusions of grandeur or persecution.
Psychasthenia: obsessions, compulsions, abnormal fears, and guilt and indecisiveness.
Schizophrenia: bizarre and unusual thoughts or behavior.
Hypomania: emotional excitement, overactivity, and flight of ideas.
Social introversion: shyness, little interest in people, and insecurity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tests designed to measure a person's responses in one specific area of functioning, such as affect, social skills, or cognitive processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A test that measures physical responses (such as heart rate and muscle tension) as possible indicators of psychological problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| A test that directly measures brain structure or activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurological tests that provide images of brain structure or activity, such as CT scans. PET scans, and MRIs. Also called brain scans. |
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Term
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Definition
| A test that detects brain impairment by measureing a person's cognitive, perceptual, and motor performances. |
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Term
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Definition
| A test designed to measure a person's intellectual ability. |
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Term
Intelligence quotient (IQ) |
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Definition
| An overall score derived from intelligence tests. |
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Term
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Definition
| A determination that a person's problems reflect a particular disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cluster of symptoms that usually occur together. |
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Term
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Definition
| A list of disorders, along with descriptions of symptoms and guidelines for making appropriate diagnosis. |
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Term
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Definition
lists approximately 400 disorders.
Each entry describes the criteria for diagnosing the disorder and its key clinical features. |
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Term
empirically supported treatment |
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Definition
| A movement in the clinical field that seeks to identify which therapies have received clear research support for each disorder, to develop corresponding treatment guidelines, and to spread such information to clinicians. Also know as evidence-based treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| An effort to identify a set of common strategies that run through the work of all effective therapists. |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychiatrist who primarily prescribes medications. |
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