Term
Schizophrenia
General Characteristics |
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Definition
Heterogeneous
Common Characteristics
Psychosis—lack of contact with reality
Severe impairment |
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Term
Schizophrenia
Positive Symptoms, excess
Delusions |
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Definition
Delusions—disturbances in thought content, not based on reality
Of persecution—someone is plotting against them
Of reference—events directly target them
Of grandeur—empowered with special skills, represents a god/historical figure, depends on culture
Of control—behavior is controlled by others or receiving signals |
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Term
Schizophrenia
Positive Symptoms, excess
Disorganized thinking and speech |
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Definition
Loose associations
Perseverating—repeating something
Clang—talking with rhymes |
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Term
Schizophrenia
Positive Symptoms, excess
Heightened perceptions and hallucinations |
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Definition
More sensitive to sounds and sight
Hallucination—perception in absence of external stimuli |
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Term
Schizophrenia
Positive Symptoms, excess
Inappropriate affect |
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Definition
• Wrong emotions
• Dramatic shifts |
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Term
Schizophrenia
Negative Symptoms, deficit |
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Definition
Poverty of speech
Brief and empty statements (alogia)
Poverty of content
Blunted or flat affect
Low/no emotions
Disturbance of volition
Lack of motivation due to lack of contact
Disturbed relationship with the world for at least 6 months |
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Term
Schizophrenia
Psychomotor Symptoms |
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Definition
Catatonia—lack of control and spontaneity in movement
Catatonic stupor—blank stare, lost in own world
Catatonic posturing—staying in a position for hours |
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Term
| Disorganized Schizophrenia |
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Definition
o Confusion, incoherence
o Flat or inappropriate affect
o Difficulties in communication, social withdraw
o Silliness
o Poor functioning |
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Term
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Definition
o Most simple
o Psychomotor disturbances, catatonia |
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Term
| Undifferentiated Schizophrenia |
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Definition
| o Not fitting into one category |
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Term
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Definition
o Less severe
o Some contact with reality |
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Term
| Demographics of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
1% worldwide prevalence
More in men, more negative symptoms and worse prognosis
More in lower SES—unable to make money, due to psychosis
Onset—18-25 in men, 25-35 in females |
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Term
Course of Schizophrenia
Prodromal Phase |
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Definition
Some deterioration in functioning
Less able to maintain responsibilities
Difficulty communicating
Disconnected, blunted affect, withdrawn |
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Term
Course of Schizophrenia
Active Phase |
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Definition
Symptoms become acute, predominate
Shift from prodromal can be caused by stressful event |
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Term
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Definition
Rare to stay in active
75% return to prodromal, most aren’t cured |
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Term
| Better Prognosis for schizophrenia |
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Definition
Some respond better to treatment
Good premorbid functioning
Following a stressful event, not biological cause
Onset is abrupt (short prodromal phase
Onset in middle age |
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Term
| Sociocultural Etiology of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
Disorder is caused by the diagnosis
If a person is labeled, stigmatized, it lowers our contact
Maintains problem
Hostile, high Emotional Expression, family environment=relapse
More likely in people who immigrate |
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Term
| Genetic Etiology of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
Solid evidence
Relatives
More schizo the closer related
Schizotypal PD and schizoaffective disorder in relatives
Twins
MZ=48%, DZ=17%
Adoptees
More if biological relatives had it
DNA
Promising evidence |
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Term
| Biological Etiology of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
Dopamine
Increased levels=associated with shizo
Other neurotransmitters at play especially serotonin
Brain structure abnormalities
Enlarged ventricles
Decreased size of parts of limbic system
Changes in frontal, temporal lobes and basal ganglia |
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Term
| Psychological Etiology of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
| Causes disorder to be maintained |
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Term
| Psychodynamic Etiology of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
Extreme regression
Early negligence=not developing contact with reality |
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Term
| Behavioral Etiology of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
Operant conditioning
Not paying attention to delusions, have less, helps for treatment |
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Term
| Family Etiology of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
Cold and domineering mother, no support
Double-bind—receiving contradictory messages
Family structure—if parents compete with kids |
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Term
| Existential Etiology of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
| Normal process, following intolerance of life, reacting to negative family and no support |
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Term
| Treatment of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
Medication
Resolve psychotic episodes, delay relapse, improve functioning
Some people are resistant
Psychosocial Treatment
Family base treatment after stabilized
Social skill training can improve functioning
Electro-shock therapy |
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Term
| General Characteristics of Personality Disorders |
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Definition
Pervasive, enduring and inflexible patterns of inner experience and behavior—way of being and relating
Axis II disorders
Difficult to treat
Few evidence supporting theories of etiology
Three major clusters
Odd or eccentric
Dramatic, emotional, or erratic
Fearful or anxious
Symptoms overlap |
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Term
Paranoid personality disorder
Cluster A, Odd or Erratic |
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Definition
Pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others
Finding meaning in benign actions of others
Overreacting, short fuse |
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Term
Schizoid personality Disorder
Cluster A, Odd or Erratic |
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Definition
o Detachment from social relationships
Indifferent to praise or critique
Hard to achieve relationship with therapist
Restricted range of emotion in relationships |
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Term
Schizotypal personality disorder
Cluster A, Odd or Erratic |
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Definition
Reduced capacity for close relationships
Awkward/eccentric behavior
Cognitive and perceptual distortions
Maintain contact with reality |
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Term
Antisocial PD
Cluster B, Dramatic, Emotional or Erratic |
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Definition
Disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since age 15
• Unlawful behavior, Deceitfulness, Impulsivity
Irritability and aggressiveness, Reckless disregard for safety of self or others
Consistent irresponsibility, Lack of remorse
Person is at least 18
Evidence of conduct disorder before 15
Aggression to people and animals, Destruction of property
Deceitfulness or theft, Serious violation of rules |
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Term
Histrionic PD
Cluster B, Dramatic, Emotional or Erratic |
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Definition
Excessive emotionality and attention seeking
Uncomfortable when not center of attention
Inappropriately seductive or provocative
Rapid shift and shallow expression of emotion
Use physical appearance to draw attention to self
Style of speech is excessively impressionistic
Self-dramatization, theatricality, and exaggerated expression of emotion
Suggestible
Considers relationships to be more intimate then they actually are |
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Term
Borderline PD
Cluster B, Dramatic, Emotional or Erratic |
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Definition
Instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects; marked impulsivity
Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
Pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships
Identity disturbance; unstable self-image or sense of self
Impulsivity that is potentially self-damaging
Affective instability
Chronic feeling of emptiness inappropriate, intense anger
Transient, stress-related paranoia |
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Term
Narcissistic
Cluster B, Dramatic, Emotional or Erratic |
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Definition
Grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy
Grandiose sense of self-importance
Fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love
Believes they are special or unique
Exploits others
Lacks empathy
Envious of others or believes that others are envious
Arrogant |
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Term
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Definition
Abnormal psych is not a myth
Lots of people suffer, are impaired
Must be approached with caution
Diagnosis is a label
Psychology is subjective, we must recognize the significance of this
Having many theories for something shows we aren’t certain |
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Term
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Definition
o Organized system of delusions
o Hallucinations |
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