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| psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impaired functioning and is not culturally accepted |
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| synonymous with psyhological disorder |
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| psychological disorder associated with fear of specific object or situation |
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| study of psychological disorders |
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| mental health professionals taking in science to their own practice/approaches |
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| why the person went into clinic |
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| unique combination of behaviors, thoughts and feelings that make up a specific disorder |
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| number of people in population who have disorder |
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| number of new cases of disorder over certain period of time |
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| pattern of disorder; differs for every disorder: age of onset, sex ratio, prevalence |
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| anticipated outcome of disorder |
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| study of origins, why a disorder began; biological, psychological, social dimensions |
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| treatment for supernatural tradition; various religious rituals to drive out spirits and demons |
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| modern approach of therapy that focused on social and cultural factors as well as psychological |
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| strong psychosocial approach during mid-19th century that treated institutionalized patients as normal as possible; provided nurturing, welcoming, somewhat normal environment |
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| work of Dorothy Dix that informed American people of abuse and inhumane treatment of patients |
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| 20th century's first approach by Sigmund Freud; based on elaborate study of the mind and unconscious thought processes |
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| 2nd approach by Skinner, Pavlov, and Watson; focus on how learning and adaptation affect development of psychopathology |
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| part of mind that individual is unaware of activity going on (thoughts, feelings, etc) |
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| release of emotions that have been repressed into unconscious from tragic event |
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| Freud's theory on development and structure of personalities |
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| "animal within us"; strong sexual, aggressive behaviors, feelings, energies; operates according to pleasure principle; processes information by primary process (irrational, illogical) |
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| operates according to reality principle; processes information by secondary processes (logic, reason-based thinking skills) |
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| "conscience"; represents moral principle that's bestowed in us from parents and culture |
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| conflicts within mind between id, superego, and ego |
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| unconscious protective processes that keep emotions with conflicts in check so that ego can continue coordinating |
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| psychosexual stages of development |
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| oral, anal, genital, phallic, latency; shows our reaching gratification and satisfaction in basic needs as we develop |
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| strong fear that young boy who's lusting over his mother and jealous of his dad, will be punished by dad in way castration |
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| "self-psychology" by Anne Freud; individual slowly accumulates adaptive capacities, skill reality testing, and defenses |
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| "neurotic disorders" by Freud; underlying unconscious conflicts, anxiety from conflicts, and implementation of ego defense mechanisms |
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| related area to ego psychology; way children incorporate images, memories, and some value of a person who was important to them |
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| wisdom accumulated from society and surroundings that's stored in memory, passed down from generation to generation |
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| patients get to say whatever first comes to mind without usual censoring by therapist |
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| dreams' content represents unconscious conflicts |
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| phenomenon b/t therapist and patient when patient relies on therapist like a child relies on a parent |
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| psychodynamic psychotherapy |
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| loose approach with several tactics that focus on social and interpersonal factors |
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| We all could reach our highest potential if we had room to grow |
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| developed by Carl Rogers; passive role played by therapist, which allows patient to develop with no threats to self |
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| unconditional positive regard |
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| complete acceptance of patient's feelings and actions, ideal for humanistic approach |
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| aka cognitive behavior or social learning model; brought systematic to scientific |
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| neutral stimulus paired with response until it elicits response |
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| presentation of conditioned stimulus without "reward" (food in exp with dog), behavior is eliminated |
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| patients reported on inner thoughts after certain stimuli |
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| systematic desensitization |
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| gradual exposure to things (objects or situations) they feared |
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| name for systematic desensitization |
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| process of reinforcing successive approximations to final behavior |
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| multidimensional integrative approach |
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| includes biological, psychosocial, emotional, and developmental dimensions |
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| long DNA molecules on different locations of chromosomes within cell nucleolus |
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| individual inherits tendencies (vulnerabilities) that are potential for disorder/condition if put in specific stressful event |
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| "diathesis" or tendency; prominent when certain environmental effect occurs |
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| reciprocal geneenvironmental model |
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| individual inherits tendency that puts them in more stressful situation which could trigger condition/disorder |
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| focuses on how nervous system and brain works to any understanding of our cognitive, behaviors, and emotional processes |
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| nerve cells that transmit information throughout nervous system |
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| space b/t axon of one neuron and dendrite of another neuron |
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| chemicals releaseed from axon of one neuron to receptors of another that transmit impulses |
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| groups of neurons that are sensitive to specific neurotransmitters |
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| reabsorption of neurotransmitter from synaptic cleft back into same neuron it was released from |
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| effectively increases activity of neurotransmitter by mimicking its effects |
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| substances that decrease or block neurotransmitters |
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| substances that produce opposite effect to those produced by neurotransmitter |
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| an excitatory neurotransmitter that "turns on" many different neurons, which leads to action |
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| gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
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| an inhibitory transmitter; regulates transmission of information and action potentials |
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| transmitter that influences behavior and we process information due to its multiple circuits; whole system regulates mood, behavior, and thought processes |
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| neurotransmitter that stimulates alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic receptors; people with hypertension take "beta blockers" |
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| implicated with psychological disorders |
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| how we acquire and process information and how we store and retrieve it (memory) |
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| animals encounter situations they have no control over |
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| modeling or observed learning |
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| by Bandura; organisms don't have to experience situation/condition to learn from it; observing another going through it |
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| knowledge we've been prepared with for continued survival of species |
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| someone acts on basis of past events but can't remember the event |
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| initial reaction of life threatening stimulus/situation |
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| subjective feeling at situation, short-lived; ex: fear-->terror |
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| longer lasting, more persistent period of emotionality |
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| emotional tone that accompanies what we say or do |
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| must consider various paths of outcomes before coming to one result |
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| systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, bioloical, and social factors in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder |
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| process of determining whether the particular problem afflicting the individual meets all criteria for a psychological disorder according to DSM-IV-TR |
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| the degree to which measurement is consistent |
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| whether something measures what it is designed to measure |
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| process by which a certain set of standards or norms is determined for a technique to make its use consistent across different measurements |
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| involves systematic observation of somebody's behavior when interacts with any one person |
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| uses direct observation to assess formally an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behavior in specific situations or contexts |
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| several assessment measures used with a variety of methods in which ambiguous stimuli (pictures of people/things) are presented to people who are asked to describe what they see |
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| necessary data from psychological tests is what the answers predict |
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| intelligence quotient (IQ) |
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| calculation that measures person's mental age |
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| Neuropsychological testing |
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| measures abilities in areas such as receptive and expressive language, attention and concentration, memory, motor skills, perceptual abilities, and learning and abstraction in such a way that the clinician can make educated guesses about the person's performance and the possible existence of brain impairment |
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| false positives/false negatives |
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| test shows problem when none exists; test shows no problem when some difficulty is present |
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| technique that takes accurate pictures of brain's structure and function |
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| psychophysiological assessment |
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| method for assessing brain structure and function specifically and nervous system activity |
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| electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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| measures electrical activity in head related to firing of specific group of neurons that reveals brain wave activity, low-voltage electrical current ongoing in the brain |
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| unique information retrieved about an individual's personality, cultural background, or circumstances that lets therapists tailor treatment to that person |
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| determining general class of problems to which the presenting problem belongs |
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| refers to any effort to construct groups or categories and to assign object or people to these categories on basis of their shared attributes or relations (a nomothetic strategy) |
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| scientific classification |
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| medical and psychological phenomena used to classify |
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| describes names or labels of disorders that make up nosology |
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| classical categorical approach |
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| orginated with Emil Kraepelin and biological tradition in psychopathology; assumption every diagnosis has clear underlying pathophysiological cause |
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| note variety of cognitions, moods, and behaviors with which patient presents and quanitfy them on a scale |
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| alternative approach that identifies certain essential characteristics of an entity so that others can classify it |
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| extent to which the disorder would be found in the patient's relatives |
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| categorizing people; causes problems |
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