Historical concepts of depression

Leonhard 

- differentiated between bipolar and unipolar illness

- noticed that some go mania to normal to depressed..etc 

basis for distinction was genetic and treatment response --> normal anit depressant but they respond with mania 

- defined schizoaffective

-bridged the gap between affective mood disorder and psychotic disorder 

-reality is still intact 

described melancholy --> black bile

mania --> to be mad 

Historical concepts of depression

Falret 

- earliest description of bipolar disorder

- la folie circulaire (circular insanity) 

depression-->norma-->mania -->Etc 

- introduces cyclothymia (mild hypomanic and depressive episodes )

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Hanz Selye (Stress) 

general adaptation syndrome 

- non specific response of body to any demand placed on

- results in a coordinate set of physical responses

1 alarm reaction-->rsistance-->exhaustian 

- General activation theory

- stress affects sympathetic nervous system 

Females delivering babies

90% with high life change + low social support had at least one birth complication

- 33% with high stress change + high social support had less complications 

-->social support hypothesis - Social support correlates negatively with vulnerability to illness 

Social readjustment scale

frequency, duration and severity correlate to high physical problem 

- higher on the scale = higher risk of heart attack 

different personalities and jobs like air traffic control had higher diabetes with same amount of stress

Headache patients 

-showed psychological factors affect physical conditions 

Physical practionior 

- focused on insomnia, emotions and somatic activities overlap in insomnia

upset = don't sleep well 

introduced PSYCHOSOMATIC 

3 measures of anxiety

physiological measurement

subjective measurement

behavioral measures 

accuracy 

1) internal validity - what you're measuring is measuring what it'ssupposed to.   PAttern shows correctlyfor the group in question and not for others

2) Concurrent validity - tests taken at same time one already valid yield same results.  Predicts problem that are not defining features of diagnosis 

3) Predictive validity - groups does or doesnot do according to what you predict

4) etiological validity - high if causal factors are found in patients of one group and not other 

Biogenic view 

opposite of freud 

- coined the term neurosis

- any bizarre form of behavior implies medical problem 

"A general affliction of the nervous system" producing seemingly strange behavioral problems 

Psychogenic view 

Diagnoses of neurosis

- general discomfort, some unconscious conflict brewing wanting to break into conscience 

- danger signal = defense mechanism = ego

1) anxiety hysteria

- phobia, specific fear of something external

2) OC neurosis 

- persistent repetitive thoughts and compulsions 

3) Hysteria 

   - patients emotional reaction is grossly overreaction