Term
|
Definition
| an environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occurring prior to a behavior of interest |
|
|
Term
| automaticity of reinforcement |
|
Definition
| refers to the fact that behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person's awareness; recognition of the relation not required |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in general, an unpleasant or noxious stimulus; a stimulus change or condition that functions (a) to evoke a behavior that has terminated in the past; (b) as a punisher when presented following the behavior, and/or (c) as a reinforcer when withdrawn following behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the activity of living organisms; everything that people do. "that portion of an organism's interaction with its environment that is characterized by detectable displacement in space through time of some part of the organism and that results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the environment" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a technologically consistent method for changing behavior derived from one or more principles of behavior; possesses sufficient generality across subjects, settings, and/or behaviors to warrant codification and dissemination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a learned stimulus-response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the response it elicits; each person's repertoire is the product of his/her history of interactions with environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulus change that functions to increase behavior because of prior pairing with one or more reinforcer; sometimes called secondary or learned reinforcer |
|
|
Term
| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
|
Definition
| the stimulus component of a conditioned reflex; a formerly neutral stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus or another CS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest. some (esp. immediate and relevant to current motivational states) have significant influence on future behavior, others have little effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes reinforcement (or punishment) that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer; also a procedure for increasing the effectiveness of a reinforcer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others |
|
|
Term
| discriminative stimulus (sd) |
|
Definition
| stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced; this history of differential reinforcement is the reason an SD increases the momentary frequency of the behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism or referenced part of the organism exists, without which behavior cannot occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior; the primary effect is a decrease in the frequency of the behavior until it reaches a pre-reinforced level or ceases to occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentations of a stimulus; often a reduction of respondent behavior as a function of repeated presentation of eliciting stimulus over a short span of time |
|
|
Term
| higher order conditioning |
|
Definition
| development of a conditioned reflex by pairing a neutral stimulus (NS) with a conditioned stimulus (CS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inclusive term referring in general to all of a person's learning experiences and more specifically to past conditioning with respect to particular response classes or aspects of a person's repertoire. |
|
|
Term
| motivating operation (MO) |
|
Definition
| environmental variable that (a) alters the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness or some stimulus and (b) alters the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus whose termination (or reduction in intensity) functions to elicit an increase in behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus change that does not elicit respondent behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the history of the development of an individual organism during its lifetime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior that is selected, maintained and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences; each person's repertoire is a product of history of interactions with the environment (ontogeny) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basic process by which operant learning occurs; consequences result in an increased or decreased frequency of the same type of behavior under similar motivational and environmental conditions in the future. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the history of the natural evolution of a species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| statement describing a functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables with generality across organisms, species, settings, behaviors, and time; an empirical generalization inferred from many experiments demonstrating the same functional relation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus-response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of that type or behavior in similar conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all of the behaviors a person can do; or a set of behaviors relevant to a particular setting or task |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the response component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus (NS) is presented with an unconditioned stimulus (US) until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response (classical conditioning) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus; the CS gradually loses its ability to elicit the conditioned response until the conditioned reflex no longer appears in the repertoire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior. "action of an organism's effector. An effector is an organ at the end of an efferent nerve fiber that is specialized for altering its environment mechanically, chemically, or in terms of other energy changes" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior; also a procedure for reducing the effectiveness of a reinforcer |
|
|
Term
| selection by consequences |
|
Definition
| the fundamental principle underlying operant conditioning; the basic tenet is that all forms of behavior are selected, shaped, and maintained by their consequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "an energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal, temporal, and/or functional dimensions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus |
|
|
Term
| stimulus-stimulus pairing |
|
Definition
| procedure in which two stimuli are presented at the same time, usually repeatedly for a number of trials, which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of the other stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basic unit of analysis in the analysis of operant behavior; encompasses the temporal and possibly dependent relations among an antecedent stimulus, behavior, and consequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus. Subject to phylogeny meaning all members of a species are more or less susceptible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex; a stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without any prior learning |
|
|
