In an ECG (EKG), the P wave represents ___________ and the QRS complex represents ____________.

A. Atrial repolarization; Ventricular depolarization

B. Atrial depolarization; Ventricular repolarization

C. Atrial depolarization; Ventricular depolarization

D. Atrial repolarization; Ventricular repolarization

A dilated heart must work harder because when the radius of the ventricular lumen increases, it takes

greater ________ to produce the same increase in blood pressure. This hemodynamic principle is known as

____________ law.

A. Contractility; Starling's

B. Voltage; Poiseuille's

C. Tension; Laplace's

D. Contractility; Poiseuille's

E. Compliance; Starling's

If the diameter of a vessel increases by 10% and the pressure gradient (deltaP) stays the same, how much

will blood flow change? (how much will it increase or decrease in %)

A. Decrease by 10%

B. Increase by 10%

C. Increase by 21%

D. Increase by 46%

E. Decrease by 46%

In a blood vessel with a high degree of compliance, a 200% increase in blood volume will affect pressure

in the vessel in what way?

A. Minimally (correct answer)

B. Maximally

C. No effect

D. Will cause high pressure and will double vessel width

What is the MAP of a person with a systolic/diastolic blood pressure reading of 110/70 mm Hg?

A. 1.6 mmHg

B. 13.3 mmHg

C. 83.3 mmHg

D. 90.0 mmHg

E. 180.0 mmHg

The direct effect of increasing TPR is:

A. Increased preload

B. Decreased preload

C. Increased afterload

D. Decreased afterload

The ______ vessels provide blood supply to the heart. The ________ vessels provide blood supply to the

brain.

A. Carotid; Iliac

B. Iliac; Coronary

C. Coronary; Brachial

D. Coronary; Carotid

E. Aortic; Femoral

When blood leaves the heart via the aorta, what is the path of vessels that it most often takes to supply

tissues? (after the aorta, blood enter which type of vessels, then which after that, and so on until blood returns

to the heart)

A. arteries-to-arterioles-to capillaries-to venules-to veins-to vena cava

B. arterioles-to-arteries-to capillaries-to venules-to veins-to vena cava

C. arterioles-to-capillaries-to veins-to venules-to vena cava

D. arteries-to-veins-to-arterioles-to-capillaries-to venules-to vena cava

E. vena cava-to-arteries-to-veins-to-arterioles-to-capillaries-to venules-back to heart

Which of the following matches is

FALSE:

I. Veins - transport blood from the tissues to the heart,

II. Large systemic arteries - storage of blood

III. Capillaries - exchange of materials with tissues

IV. Systemic arterioles - major site of vascular resistance

V. Veins - high compliance compared with arteries

A. I

B. II

C. III

D. IV

E. V

The term venous return refers to what?

A. The amount of blood in the venous system

B. The amount of blood that returns to the heart following systemic circulation

C. The amount of blood that returns to the veins following systemic circulation

D. The return of oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart

E. The amount of blood leaving the ventricles when they contract

Which of the following factors promote venous return?

I. Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system

II. Increased venous tone

III. Increased blood volume

IV. Skeletal muscle pumping

V. Venoconstriction

A. I, II, and III

B. I and II

C. III, IV, and V

D. I, II, III, IV, V

E. II, III, IV, and V

Which adjective describes enlarged, overstretched superficial veins with compromised valves?

A. Stenosis

B. Spider

C. Varicose

D. Collapsed

E. Aneurysm

The _________ nervous system has chronotropic effects on the heart. The _________ nervous system

displays chronotropic and inotropic effects on the heart.

A. Somatic; Sympathetic

B. Parasympathetic; Sympathetic

C. Sympathetic; Parasympathetic

D. Enteric; Sympathetic

The term autoregulation refers to what?

A. The ability of a cell to regulate its own blood flow

B. The ability of a tissue to regulate its own blood flow

C. The ability of an organ to regulate its own blood flow

D. The ability of the cardiovascular system to regulate its own blood flow

E. The ability of an organism to regulate its own blood flow

A drop in pH will typically cause which response in a blood vessel?

A. Vasodilation

B. Vasoconstriction

C. Secretion of buffering compounds

D. Shortening of vessel length

E. Lengthening of a blood vessel

Extrinsic cardiovascular control mechanisms include which of the following?

I. Starling's Law, II. Baroreceptor reflex, III. Renin-Angiotensin system, IV. Epinephrine secretion by

the adrenal medulla V. Chemoreceptor reflex

A. II, III, IV

B. I, II, III

C. II, III, IV, V

D. I, II, III, V

E. I, II, III, IV, V

The baroreceptors involved in the baroreceptor reflex are located where?

A. Right atrium and Right ventricle

B. Left atrium and Left ventricle

C. Aortic arch and Carotid sinus

D. Thoracic aorta and Renal artery

E. Aortic arch and Left Ventricle

ACE inhibitors are frequently used clinically for treatment of hypertension. Which process is caused by

ACE?

A. Secretion of renin

B. Angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

C. Angiotensin I to angiotensin II

D. Angiotensin II to angiotensin III

Intrinsic cardiovascular control mechanisms include which of the following?

I. Starling's Law, II. Baroreceptor reflex, III. Renin-Angiotensin system, IV. Autoregulation

A. I

B. I and III

C. I and IV

D. I, II, and IV

E. I, II, III, and IV

The vasomotor center is located in the _______________. This center is responsible for coordinating

visceral sensory information in the cardiovascular system and sending out an appropriate response by the

autonomic nervous system _yes/no_.

A. Heart; Yes

B. Heart; No

C. Cerebrum; No

D. Adrenal Medulla; No

E. Medulla Oblongata; Yes

E. Medulla Oblongata; Yes

Hypertension can result in cardiac hypertrophy and dilation. This occurs because the heart must work

harder to overcome the increased _preload/afterload/contractility_ associated with high blood pressure. In

addition, the increased metabolic requirement of the overworked heart will increase the incidence of cardiac

ischemia, and thus increase the incidence of heart failure. Finally, in chronic hypertension, the myocardium

enlarges until it is overstretched and inefficient, resulting in decreased _preload/afterload/contractility of the

heart.

A. preload; afterload

B. preload; contractility

C. afterload; contractility

D. afterload; preload

E. contractility; preload

When blood backs up into the veins, the resulting condition is called venous _________.

A. Congestion

B. Return

C. Compression

D. Concentration

E. Blockage

What is the blood pressure reading for someone with stage I hypertension?

A. 110/75

B. 120/80

C. 135/85

D. 150/95

E. 170/105

In hypertension, which cardiovascular parameters are likely increased?

A. CO, TPR, or both CO and TPR

B. TPR and preload

C. Contractility and TPR

D. HR and afterload

E. Venous return and MAP

Which of the following classes of drugs are used to treat hypertension?

I. B-blockers, II. ACE inhibitors, III. Sympathetic nervous system stimulants, IV. Thiazides, V.

Vasodilators

A. I and II

B. I, II, and III

C. II, III and IV

D. II, III, IV, and V

E. I, II, IV, and V

The leading cause of death in the United States for men and women is

A. Coronary artery disease

B. Heart attack (myocardial infarction)

C. Cancer

D. Hypertension

E. Angina pectoralis

The pain associated with angina pectoralis is a symptom that the myocardium is what?

A. Congested

B. Infected

C. Infarcted

D. Ischemic

E. Obstructed

Heart failure occurs when the heart doesn't pump what it gets (low stroke volume - Starling's Law is not

working). As a consequence, cardiac output is decreased. The kidneys often try to compensate: The volume

loading that occurs in chronic heart failure is an indication that renal control mechanisms are doing what?

A. Working to increase blood pressure and cardiac output up to normal

B. Working to decrease blood pressure down to normal

C. Are making less work for the heart

D. Are making more work for the heart

E. Are not functioning properly

Myocardial infarction (death of heart tissue; also called "heart attack") is often the result of which (select

all answers that apply)

A. Atherosclerosis

B. Coronary artery disease

C. Embolism in coronary vessel

D. Stroke

E. Hypotension

* A. Atherosclerosis

* B. Coronary artery disease

* C. Embolism in coronary vessel

The pathological state we call 'Shock' is characterized by syncope, a temporary loss of consciousness and

posture, described as "fainting" or "passing out."

This is caused by which 2 of the following factors (mark 2 answers)

A. Blood pressure is too high (Hypertension)

B. Blood pressure is too low (Hypotension)

C. Coronary artery disease

D. Stroke

E. When the heart doesn't pump a normal supply of oxygen to the brain

B. Blood pressure is too low (Hypotension)

and

E. When the heart doesn't pump a normal supply of oxygen to the brain

Cardiac Output equals

A. MAP/TPR

B. TPR/MAP

C. MAP x TPR

D. MAP -TPR

E. TPR - MAP

Looking at a longitudinal section of a tube, the velocity profile for a fluid experiencing

laminar flow is a(n)

A. semicircle

B. square

C. parabola

D. straight line

E. irregular pattern

Assuming a constant pressure gradient , and a relatively rigid-walled tube, a 5%

decrease in the radius will cause flow to

A. decrease 5%

B. increase 6%

C. decrease 19%

D. increase 20%

E. decrease 23%

For a tube, P = T/r. Whose name is given to this law?

A. Ohm

B. Poiseuille

C. Starling

D. Reynolds

E. Laplace

E. Laplace

What results from increased sympathetic tone at systemic veins?

A. increased total peripheral resistance

B. decreased total peripheral resistance

C. decreased venous return

D. increased venous return

D. increased venous return

The endothelium is part of the tunica

A. interna

B. externa

C. viscera

D. propria

E. media

Relatively thin muscular wall, large diameter lumen

A. large artery

B. capillary

C. left ventricle

D. systemic vein

E. small artery or arteriole

One reason why the risk of hypertension increases with age is that older arteries

become

A. anginal

B. shocky

C. sclerotic

D. congested

E. hyperemic

Skeletal muscle pumping

A. is the main cause of varicose veins

B. causes increased mean arterial pressure

C. causes increased systolic blood pressure

D. allows blood in veins to flow uphill against gravity

E. increases blood volume

What is the correct sequence of events for the development of peripheral edema in

heart failure?

i. right sided heart failure

ii. increased mean systemic filling pressure (P

sf)

iii. increased central venous pressure

iv. increased fluid movement from capillaries to interstitium (filtration)

v. decreased mean arterial pressure

vi. volume loading by the kidneys

vii. peripheral edema

A. i, iv, v, ii, vi, iii, vii

B. i, vi, iv, v, iii, ii, vii

C. i, ii, vi, iii, iv, v, vii

D. i, iv, v, ii, vi, iii, vii

E. i, iii, v, vi, ii, iv vii

E. i, iii, v, vi, ii, iv vii

When chewing food (or even thinking about food) increased salivary gland

metabolism is supported by the release of kinins by the salivary glands which cause

A. vasodilation of systemic arterioles

B. vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles

C. vasodilation of systemic veins

D. vasoconstriction of systemic veins

E. relaxation of precapillary sphincters

For a person who consistently has a blood pressure around 150/90, the baroreceptor

reflex

A. is constantly working to lower the mean arterial pressure

B. is constantly working to raise the mean arterial pressure

C. is constantly working to lower the systolic blood pressure

D. stops working

E. works to maintain the mean arterial pressure at around 110 mm Hg

E. works to maintain the mean arterial pressure at around 110 mm Hg

Volume loading by the kidneys increases cardiac output by

A. increasing preload

B. increasing heart rate

C. decreasing afterload

D. increasing myocardial contractility

E. decreasing smooth muscle tone

What is the enzyme responsible for splitting angiotensin I from angiotensinogen?

A. angiotensin converting enzyme

B. aldosterone

C. renin

D. vasopressin

E. angiotensin II

What stimulates increased secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide?

A. decreased right atrial stretching

B. increased right atrial stretching

C. decreased stretching of the aortic arch

D. increased stretching of the aortic arch

E. decreased stretching of the superior vena cava

Because of the high resistance in hypertension

A. the blood pressure within capillaries is higher than normal

B. the heart must work harder than normal to produce a normal cardiac output

C. blood flow through the capillary beds of tissues is higher than normal

D. there is an inadequate amount of blood flowing to the brain, heart and kidneys

Studies on the DASH diet proved that blood pressure reduction can occur without

drugs and without weight loss. Therefore, if you are prehypertensive you should

A. quit smoking

B. be sure to drink six glasses of water each day

C. eat fruits and vegetables, and low fat dairy products

D. feel no need to change your eating and drinking habits

E. start taking antihypertensive drugs immediately

The pain in the left shoulder and arm that develops during myocardial ischemia is an

example of

A. referred pain

B. phantom pain

C. psychosomatic pain

D. direct pain

E. anoxic pain

A drug that is used to treat heart failure by boosting cardiac performance is called

a(n)

A. negative chronotropic agent

B. β blocker

C. calcium channel blocker

D. diuretic

E. positive inotropic agent

What is present in the walls of large arteries that allows them to have a relatively high compliance?

What condition, produced by left-sided heart failure, causes the patient to experience dyspnea.

A 62-year-old man presents to the hospital for surgery to correct a herniated disc in his spine. The patient is thought to have an uncomplicated surgery until he complains of extreme abdominal distension and pain about 1 hour after surgery. He is noted to be hypotensive and tachycardia. On examination, his abdomen is distended and tense, with severe rebound pain. He is take back immediately to the operating room, where they find a large amount of blood in his abdomen (2L) and a small puncture site in the descending aorta with active bleeding. A graft is placed in the aorta to stop the bleeding and repair the injury site. The patient is transfused with blood intraoperatively and is taken to the intensive care unit in critical condition.

Approximately what percent of this man's blood has left his circulatory system?

A. 20%

B. 40%

C. 60%

D. 80%

A 62-year-old man presents to the hospital for surgery to correct a herniated disc in his spine. The patient is thought to have an uncomplicated surgery until he complains of extreme abdominal distension and pain about 1 hour after surgery. He is noted to be hypotensive and tachycardia. On examination, his abdomen is distended and tense, with severe rebound pain. He is take back immediately to the operating room, where they find a large amount of blood in his abdomen (2L) and a small puncture site in the descending aorta with active bleeding. A graft is placed in the aorta to stop the bleeding and repair the injury site. The patient is transfused with blood intraoperatively and is taken to the intensive care unit in critical condition.

The blood has entered his _____ cavity.

A. pleural

B. peritoneal

C. pericardial

D. thoracic

E. dorsal

A 62-year-old man presents to the hospital for surgery to correct a herniated disc in his spine. The patient is thought to have an uncomplicated surgery until he complains of extreme abdominal distension and pain about 1 hour after surgery. He is noted to be hypotensive and tachycardia. On examination, his abdomen is distended and tense, with severe rebound pain. He is take back immediately to the operating room, where they find a large amount of blood in his abdomen (2L) and a small puncture site in the descending aorta with active bleeding. A graft is placed in the aorta to stop the bleeding and repair the injury site. The patient is transfused with blood intraoperatively and is taken to the intensive care unit in critical condition.

Which of the following is the most direct effect of decreased blood volume?

A. hypotension

B. tachycardia

C. pain

D. abdominal distension

A 62-year-old man presents to the hospital for surgery to correct a herniated disc in his spine. The patient is thought to have an uncomplicated surgery until he complains of extreme abdominal distension and pain about 1 hour after surgery. He is noted to be hypotensive and tachycardia. On examination, his abdomen is distended and tense, with severe rebound pain. He is take back immediately to the operating room, where they find a large amount of blood in his abdomen (2L) and a small puncture site in the descending aorta with active bleeding. A graft is placed in the aorta to stop the bleeding and repair the injury site. The patient is transfused with blood intraoperatively and is taken to the intensive care unit in critical condition.

Which effect is mediated by the baroreceptor reflex?

A. hypotension

B. tachycardia

C. pain

D. abdominal distension

A 62-year-old man presents to the hospital for surgery to correct a herniated disc in his spine. The patient is thought to have an uncomplicated surgery until he complains of extreme abdominal distension and pain about 1 hour after surgery. He is noted to be hypotensive and tachycardia. On examination, his abdomen is distended and tense, with severe rebound pain. He is take back immediately to the operating room, where they find a large amount of blood in his abdomen (2L) and a small puncture site in the descending aorta with active bleeding. A graft is placed in the aorta to stop the bleeding and repair the injury site. The patient is transfused with blood intraoperatively and is taken to the intensive care unit in critical condition.

What has the medullary cardiovascular center done in response to the afferent input

it receives from the baroreceptors?

A. increased sympathetic tone, increased parasympathetic tone

B. decreased sympathetic tone, decreased parasympathetic tone

C. increased sympathetic tone, decreased parasympathetic tone

D. decreased sympathetic tone, increased parasympathetic tone

A 62-year-old man presents to the hospital for surgery to correct a herniated disc in his spine. The patient is thought to have an uncomplicated surgery until he complains of extreme abdominal distension and pain about 1 hour after surgery. He is noted to be hypotensive and tachycardia. On examination, his abdomen is distended and tense, with severe rebound pain. He is take back immediately to the operating room, where they find a large amount of blood in his abdomen (2L) and a small puncture site in the descending aorta with active bleeding. A graft is placed in the aorta to stop the bleeding and repair the injury site. The patient is transfused with blood intraoperatively and is taken to the intensive care unit in critical condition.

Which receptor is activated to cause tachycardia?

A.α1 adrenergic

B. β1 adrenergic

C.β2 adrenergic

D. muscarinic cholinergic

 A 62-year-old man presents to the hospital for surgery to correct a herniated disc in his spine. The patient is thought to have an uncomplicated surgery until he complains of extreme abdominal distension and pain about 1 hour after surgery. He is noted to be hypotensive and tachycardia. On examination, his abdomen is distended and tense, with severe rebound pain. He is take back immediately to the operating room, where they find a large amount of blood in his abdomen (2L) and a small puncture site in the descending aorta with active bleeding. A graft is placed in the aorta to stop the bleeding and repair the injury site. The patient is transfused with blood intraoperatively and is taken to the intensive care unit in critical condition.

The hypotension will cause increased renin secretion by the

A. pituitary

B. adrenals

C. right atrium

D. kidneys

E. pancreas

 A 62-year-old man presents to the hospital for surgery to correct a herniated disc in his spine. The patient is thought to have an uncomplicated surgery until he complains of extreme abdominal distension and pain about 1 hour after surgery. He is noted to be hypotensive and tachycardia. On examination, his abdomen is distended and tense, with severe rebound pain. He is take back immediately to the operating room, where they find a large amount of blood in his abdomen (2L) and a small puncture site in the descending aorta with active bleeding. A graft is placed in the aorta to stop the bleeding and repair the injury site. The patient is transfused with blood intraoperatively and is taken to the intensive care unit in critical condition.

The more rapid effect of the subsequent angiotensin II production is

A. increased heart rate

B. increased sodium and water retention by the kidneys

C. decreased myocardial contractility

D. increased total peripheral resistance

E. decreased venous tone

A 62-year-old man presents to the hospital for surgery to correct a herniated disc in his spine. The patient is thought to have an uncomplicated surgery until he complains of extreme abdominal distension and pain about 1 hour after surgery. He is noted to be hypotensive and tachycardia. On examination, his abdomen is distended and tense, with severe rebound pain. He is take back immediately to the operating room, where they find a large amount of blood in his abdomen (2L) and a small puncture site in the descending aorta with active bleeding. A graft is placed in the aorta to stop the bleeding and repair the injury site. The patient is transfused with blood intraoperatively and is taken to the intensive care unit in critical condition.

The slower effect of the subsequent angiotensin II production is

A. increased heart rate

B. increased sodium and water retention by the kidneys

C. decreased myocardial contractility

D. increased total peripheral resistance

E. decreased venous tone

B. increased sodium and water retention by the kidneys

 A 62-year-old man presents to the hospital for surgery to correct a herniated disc in his spine. The patient is thought to have an uncomplicated surgery until he complains of extreme abdominal distension and pain about 1 hour after surgery. He is noted to be hypotensive and tachycardia. On examination, his abdomen is distended and tense, with severe rebound pain. He is take back immediately to the operating room, where they find a large amount of blood in his abdomen (2L) and a small puncture site in the descending aorta with active bleeding. A graft is placed in the aorta to stop the bleeding and repair the injury site. The patient is transfused with blood intraoperatively and is taken to the intensive care unit in critical condition.

The overall effect of nervous and endocrine system responses, plus arterial patching and the blood transfusion done during surgery is to

A. increase blood pressure to normal

B. increase blood pressure above normal

C. decrease blood pressure to normal

D. decrease blood pressure to below normal

E. stabilize the patient's blood pressure at its present level