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| A state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body |
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| Toward the head end or upper part of s structure or the body; Above (The head is superior to the abdomen) |
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| Away from the head end or toward the lower structure or the body; Below (The navel is inferior to the chin) |
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| Toward or at the front of the body; In front of (The breastbone is anterior to the spine) |
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| Toward or at the back of the body; Behind (The heart is posterior to the breastbone) |
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| Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of (The heart is medial to the arm) |
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| Away from the midline of the body; On the outer side of (The arms are lateral to the chest) |
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| Between a more medial and a more lateral structure (The collarbone is intermediate between the breast bone and shoulder) |
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| Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk (The elbow is proximal to the wrist) |
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| Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk (the knee is distal to the thigh) |
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| Toward or at the body surface (The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles) |
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| Away from the body surface; more internal (The lungs are deep to the skin) |
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| The stuff of the universe. Solid , Liquid and Gaseous Sates |
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| The capacity to do work, or to put matter into motion. |
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| Stored energy, that is, inactive energy that has the potential, or capability, to do work but is not presently doing so |
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| The form stored in the bonds of chemical substances. |
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| Results from the movement of charged particles |
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| Energy directly involved in moving matter |
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| Radiant energy, or Electromagnetic Energy |
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| Energy that moves in waves |
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| Subatomic particle that bears a positive change; Located in the atomic nucleus |
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| Negatively charged subatomic particle; Orbits the atom's nucleus |
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| The number of protons in an atom |
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| Atomic Mass (Mass Number) |
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| Sum of the masses of all an atoms protons and neutrons |
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| Different atomic forms of the same element, which vary only in the number of neutrons they contain; The heavier species tend to be radioactive |
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| Substance composed of two or more different elements, The atoms of which are chemically united |
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| Homogeneous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids. Exact same compilation throughout (Mineral Water) |
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| Heterogeneous mixtures, which means that their composition is dissimilar in different areas of the mixture (Jello) |
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| Heterogeneous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out (Blood) |
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| The measure of acidity or alkalinity, measures hydrogen ions |
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| A substance that releases hydrogen ions when in solutes; A proton donor |
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| A substance capable of binding with hydrogen ions; Proton acceptor |
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| Liquid Water is Composed of? |
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| Any compound composed of atoms (some of which are carbon) held together by covalent bonds |
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| Organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; Includes starches, sugars and cellulose |
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| Organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; Examples fats and cholesterol |
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| Organic compound composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen; Types include enzymes, structural components, 10-30% of cell mass |
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| Class of organic molecules that include DNA and RNA |
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| Particle consisting of two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds |
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| Don’t have a cell membrane, they steal ours; They are a string of DNA that can only reproduce in us |
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| What Does A Human Body Need? |
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| Nutrients, Water, Oxygen, Warmth, Pressure and Acidity/Alkalinity |
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| Triggers receptors, when they reach optimum level triggers effectors |
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| More you have, More you get; Example Labor |
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| An energy relationship holding atoms together; Involves the interaction of electrons |
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| Chemical bond formed by electron transfer between atoms |
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| Chemical bond formed by electron sharing between atoms |
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| Weak bond in which hydrogen atom forms a bridge between two electron-hungry atoms |
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| A cell or nerve ending of a sensory neuron specialized to respond to particular types of stimuli |
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| Organ, gland, or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings |
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| No energy required; Picks up High concentration drops off low concentration; Example Oxygen on blood |
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| Diffusion of a solvent through a membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated one |
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| A measure of the ability of a solution to cause a change in a cell shape or tone by promoting osmotic flows of water |
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| A solution that has higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes than the reference cell |
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| A solution that is more dilute that the reference cell |
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| A solution with the same composition of a cell; Not too much salt or too much water for example |
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| Membrane, composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and protein, that encloses the cell contents; Outer limiting cell membrane |
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| A layer of externally facing glycol-proteins on a cell’s plasma membrane |
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| Most Common Things to Go Across the Membrane |
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| Diffusing a substance attached to a lipid-soluble membrane carrier protein |
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| Membrane transport process for which ATP is required; Example solute pumps |
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| Charged Particles Move Across Cells With? |
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| The charge between the inside and outside of a cell with more – on the inside and more + on the outside |
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| Transport of large particles and macromolecules into or out of a cell between its compartments in membrane-bound sacs |
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| Engulfing of foreign solids by cells |
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| Engulfing of extracellular fluid by cells |
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| The cellular material surrounding the nucleus and enclosed by the plasma membrane; Mostly protein, sugar and water |
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| Network of rods; Moves things around in the cell |
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| Minute body found near the nucleus of a cell; Active in cell division |
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| A region near the nucleus which contains paired organelles called centrioles |
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| Simple sugar (One Sugar); Building blocks of carbohydrates |
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| Double sugar; Example Sucrose and Lactose |
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| Polymer of linked monosaccharides |
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| Triglycerides (Neutral Fats) |
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| Fats and oils composed of fatty acids and glycerol; Are body’s most concentrated source of energy |
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| Modified lipid; Contains phosphorus |
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| A group of chemical substances including certain hormones and cholesterol; They are fat soluble and contain little oxygen |
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| Diverse lipids chiefly derived from 20-carbon fatty acid found in all cell membranes |
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| Organic compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; Building blocks of proteins |
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| Bond joining the amine group of one amino acid to the acid carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule |
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| A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction |
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| Help proteins to achieve their functional three-dimensional structure |
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| Extended and strand like proteins; Example collagen, keratin, elastin, spectrin, titin, and actin |
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Definition
| Compact, spherical proteins that have at least tertiary structure; Example enzymes, hemoglobin, antibodies, ect |
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| Deoxyribonucleic Acid; Holds all the organisms hereditary information |
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| Ribonucleic Acid; Carries out DNA’s instructions for protein synthesis |
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| Adenosine Triphosphate; Organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy for use in the body’s cells |
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Definition
| ATP phosphorylates transport proteins, activating them to transport solutes (ions, for example) across cell membranes |
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Definition
| ATP phosphorylates contractile proteins in muscle cells so the cells can shorten |
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| ATP phosphorylates key reactants, providing energy to drive energy-absorbing chemical reactions |
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| Where ATP is made and energy stored; Needs O2; Have their own DNA |
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| Control center of a cell; Contains genetic material |
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| Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized |
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| Membrane system close to the nucleus that packages, modifies and segregates proteins |
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Definition
| Sac containing acid hydrolases; Intracellular digestion; Suicide sacs |
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Definition
| Membrane sacs of catalase and oxidase enzymes; Breaks down hydrogen peroxide; Destroys free radicles |
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
| Membranous system of sacs and tubules; Site of lipid and steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification |
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| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
| Membranous system enclosing a cavity; Externally studded with ribosomes; External face synthesizes phospholipids |
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Definition
| A series of integral protein molecules in the plasma membrane of adjacent cells fuse together, forming an impermeable junction that encircles the cell |
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| Anchoring Junctions- Mechanical couplings scattered like rivets along the sides of abutting cells to prevent their separation |
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Definition
| A communicating junction between adjacent cells |
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| A type of transport in which the energy needed to drive the transport process is provided directly by hydrolysis of ATP |
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| Secondary Active Transport |
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Definition
| A single ATP-powered pump; Such as Na+ or K+ |
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| Means by which a fairly large extracellular molecules or particles enter cells |
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| Mechanism by which substances are moved from the cell interior to the extracellular space as a secretory vesicle fuses with a plasma membrane |
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| Voltage across the plasma membrane |
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| Resting Membrane Potential |
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Definition
| The voltage that exists across the plasma membrane during the resting state of an excitable cell |
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| Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) |
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Definition
| Found on almost every cell in the body; Play key roles in embryonic development and wound repair, and in immunity |
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Definition
| Chemicals that bind specifically to plasma membrane receptors; Include most Neurotransmitters, Hormones, and Paracrines |
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| Strands made of spherical proteins subunits called actins |
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| Tough, Insoluble protein fibers constructed like woven ropes composed of tetramer (4) fibrils |
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| Hollow tubes of spherical protein subunits called tubulins |
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| Tiny, hair-like projections on a cell surface that move in a wavelike manner |
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| Long, whip-like cellular extensions containing microtubules; Propels sperm and some single-celled eukaryotes |
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| Tiny projection on the free surface of some epithelial cells; Increase surface area for absorption |
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| The division of the nucleus |
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| The division of the cytoplasm |
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| First step in cell division |
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| Lines up chromosomes at the center |
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| The two cells start to stich into two separate cells; Prophase in reverse |
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| Relatively long nucleotide strands resembling “half-DNA” molecules; Carries a transcript of the code to the cytoplasm, Where protein synthesis occurs |
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Definition
| Along with protein, form the ribosomes, which consist of two subunits- one large and one small; The two subunit types combine to form functional ribosomes, which are the site of protein synthesis |
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Definition
| Small, roughly L-shaped molecules that ferry amino acids to the ribosomes. There they decode the mRNA’s message for amino acid sequence in the polypeptide to be built |
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| 4 Nucleic Acids That Make Up DNA |
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Definition
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| 4 Nucleic Acids That Make Up RNA |
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Definition
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| Move pairs of chromosomes to opposite ends |
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