Details Title: A&P II HVCC Jenkins Test 3 Description: 3rd Unit Test Metab,Urinary,Fluid,Endocrine Total Flash Cards: 133 Created: 12/06/2008 13:05:18		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Anatomy Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Define Metabolism. Definition All the chemical reactions in the body Term Define Catabolism Definition Breakdown of molecules Term Define Anabolism Definition Synthesis of molecules Term What happens if the cells cannot perform cellular respiration? Definition Then the cells cannot utilize ATP and die Term What are the final product of Glycolysis? Definition Production of 2 ATP and pyruvic acid Term The Krebs cycle converts pyruvic acid to? Definition Acetal col A Term The krebs cycle's end product is? Definition mytoconreal enzymes NADH and FADH2 Term What cycle has progressive steps that take pyruvic acid and produce NADH? Definition Krebs cycle Term What is the goal of the electron transport chain? Definition to form ATP Term How does the electron transport chain transport electrons? Definition through chemical reactions Term In the Electron transport chain, when electrons meet up with oxygen, what does this create? Definition ADP and ATP Term Why is oxygen important in the electron transport chain? Definition It allows the synthesis of ATP Term What causes lactic acid build up in the body? Definition Anaerobic cellular respiration Term What are the two myocondreal enzymes involved in cellular respiration? Definition NADH and FADH2 Term In what step are NADH and FADH2 formed? Definition krebs cycle Term Why is energy released in small amounts in the electron transport chain? Definition To reduce excessive heat production Term How are fat and potein metabolism different from carbohydrate metabolism? Definition Fat and protein metabolsim start with the breakdown of the fat or protein vs carbs where the glucose can be utilized immedietly Term How is fat stored in the body? Definition As triglycerides, in liver and skeletal muscles. Term What process breaks down stored fat? Definition Lipolysis Term What is the state of metabolism when the body is at rest? Definition Basal metabolic rate (BMR) Term What occures durring the absorptive metabolic phase? Definition Nutrients are absorbed and stored (anabolism) Term What occures durring the post absorbtive metabolic phase? Definition Catabolism (needs are met through stored fuel) Term Which nutrients provide the most energy per gram? Definition Lipids (9 kcal/gram) Term Define nutrient. Definition A substance in food used by the body for growth, repair and maintenance Term Define Calorie. Definition 1 cal = amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1 g of water 1 °C Term What 3 systems does the urinary system work with? Definition Respiratory, Cardiovascuar, Endocrine Term What are the primary functions of the urinary system? Definition Filtration, elimination of waste, homeostasis Term The urinary system helps maintain homeostatis of? Definition pH, Fluid volume, glucose concentration,RBC concentration, ion concentration Term How does the urinary system regulate pH? Definition through removal of hydrogen or bicarbonate ions Term How does the urinary system regulate blood pressure? Definition By fluid balance and though the extrinsic kidney control durring stress. Term About how much urine is excreted per day? Definition 1 liter Term The kidneys filter __________ liters of blood per day. Definition 150 - 180 Term What substances are filtered, then reabsorbed by the kidney? Definition water and useful neutrients Term What substances are filtered out of the blood and excreted in urine? Definition waste: urea, uric acid, bile salts, ammonia, catecholamine, many drugs Term What is the function of the renal cortex? Definition contains then nephrons to filter blood Term What is the function of the renal medula? Definition houses the renal pelvis, calyx's, and areas that collect urine Term What is the function of the proximal convoluted tube? Definition Absorbtion Term What is the function of the distal convoluted tube? Definition Re-absorbtion Term What is the function of the renal pelvis? Definition Collect urine leading out of the medulla Term What is the function of the Nephron loop? Definition concentrate urine Term What is the function of the glomerulus? Definition Network of blood capilaries where filtration occurs Term What is the macula densa (kidney)? Definition Region of tall epithelial cells that have a roll in movement of smooth muscle in the afferent arterioles Term Describe the covering of the kidney. Definition The renal capsule, covers kidney like a cellophane wrap. Term What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus and what does it do? Definition The juction between afferent and efferent arterioles, this enables the nephron to monitor and stabilize bp. Term HOw are the cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons different? Definition juxtamedullary have longer loops and they concentrate urine Term What types of substances pass through the glomerulus into the capsule? Definition Water, blood, small solutes Term What is net filtration? Definition The difference between the blood hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure. Term Define GFR: Definition The volume of filtrate formed by the kidney each minute (about 120-125ml) Term Why is GFR so important? Definition If the GFR is zero, then the kidneys are not functioning, therefore homeostatis cannt be maintained Term How is GFR maintained internally? Definition through renal autoregulation: myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism Term Which regulation mechanism functions to regulate blood pressure long-term? Definition Urinary system (intrinsic -kidney) Term What effect does angiotensin II have on kidney function? Definition It stabilizes BP by constricting arterioles, stimulating reabsorbtion of Na+, causes hypothalamus to activate thirst center Term What part of the nephron reabsorbs the most filtrate? Definition The proximal conveluted tubule (PCT) Term Which hormone causes more excretion of salt? Definition ANP Term Which hormone causes more salt to be retained? Definition Aldosterone (salt retaining hormone) Term Which portion of the nephron absorbs the most water? Definition Distal Convelted tubule Term What is the normal pH of urine? Definition 4.5 - 8 (about 6) Term Diabetes can lead to what type of finding in the urine? Definition Glucose, ketones Term Urea is a biproduct of? Definition Catabolism Term The kidneys maintain water balance by? Definition preventing excess water loss Term How do the Ureters move urine to the bladder? Definition Peristalsis Term What is the trigone? Definition A smooth triangular region of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice Term How does the structure of the bladder and urethra differ between males and females? Definition Male urethra is longer Term How does the bladder release urine? Definition through the two sphincters, external and internal. Internal smooth muscle and external under our control Term HOw much of the body fluid is found in the ECF? Definition 35% Term How much of the body fluid is found in the ICF? Definition 65% Term What are the components found in ECF? Definition Sodium, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides Term What are the components found in ICF? Definition Potasium, Chlorine, phopholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides Term What are two methods of water gain? Definition injested (pre-formed), inhailed (metabolic) Term What are two methods of water loss? Definition Breathing (insensible), Urine, feces, sweat (obligitory) Term WHat hormone is release in response to decreased Na+ when dehydrated? Definition Aldosteron - it activates the renin-angiotensin mechanism Term What is more dangerous, Hyperkalemia or Hyponatremia? Definition Hyperkalemia Term What specific ions are located in the ICF and ECF? Definition K+ intracellular, Na+ extracellular Term What is the biggest function of sodium in the body? Definition Body water distribution and volume Term When blood Na+ is down, which hormone is secreted to raise it? Definition Aldosterone Term When blood Na+ is high, which hormone is secreted to lower it? Definition ANP Term What hormone responds to changes in osmolarity? Definition ADH (antidiuretic hormone) Term What hormone responds to changes in fluid volume? Definition Aldosterone Term In general, when Na+ levels are high in an area, K+ levels are? Definition Low Term Whan K+ levels are high ________________ is released. Definition Aldosterone Term When K+ levels are low ________________ is released. Definition ADH and ANP Term As blood K+ increases, what happens to aldosterone levels? Definition They rise (aldosterone is released) Term List 4 functions of calcium? Definition Muscle contraction, Skeletal mineralization, second messenger, exocytosis, homeostasis Term Where is the majority of calcium stored in the body? Definition Bone Term Define acid. Definition A substance that releases H+ in solution Term Define strong acid: Definition An acid that completely dissassociates Term Define base: Definition A substance that absorbs H+ in solution Term How is a buffer system able to resist pH change? Definition It can act as an acid or base depending on what is needed to bring pH back to normal Term When blood pH is down, the bicarbonate buffer system shifts to the ________ and ______________ H+ ions resulting in a higher pH. Definition Left, absorbs Term What chemical buffer system is used primarily in the ICF? Definition PHosphate buffer system Term What buffer system relies on the respiratory system to add/remove CO2? Definition Bicarbonate buffer System Term How do the kidneys help to buffer pH? Definition by altering what is secreted or absorbs Term Which buffer system works in the short term? Long term? Definition Respiratory, Renal Term What is the most important buffer system in the ECF? Definition Bicarbonate buffer system Term What type of buffer system is most powerful? Definition REspiratory Term How are respiratory and meabolic acid/base disorders different? Definition Respiratory is an accumulation or absence of CO2, Metabolic is an accumulation of lactic acid and ketones Term What is the cause of respiratory acidosis? Definition Lack of oxygen to the tissues Term What is the cause of metabolic acidosis? Definition Can be secondary to rep. acidosis, can be diabetes, lack of circulation, crush injury Term What are causes of resp, and meta. alkalosis? Definition Hyperventilation (resp), Antacids, Chronic Vomiting (meta) Term What are the functions of the endocrine system? Definition Regulate body systems (with nerv. system), communicate through hormones to have a direct effect on body processes Term In what ways are the endocrine and nervous system alike? Definition They both control functions of other systems and organs Term How are the endocrine and nervous system different? Definition One uses electrical fibers, and one uses chemicals to communicate Term How do cells communicate with each other within the same tissue? Definition Chemical messengers (prostaglandins) Term Which glands exhibit the most control over other glands? Definition Hypothalamus, pituitary Term How are endocrine and exocrine glands different? Definition Exocrine glands have ducts, endocrine glands do not Term List three TYPES of horomones? Definition Peptides, Monoamines, steroids and Thyroid Term What is the most common TYPE of hormone? Definition Peptides Term Testosterone and estrogen are what type of hormone? Definition Steroid Term What types of hormones are water soluble? Definition Peptides and Monoamines Term What types of hormones are fat-soluble? Definition Steroid and Thyroid Term How do hormes exert their effect on a cell? Definition They binde to a receptor either on the plasma membrane, or defuse into the cell and attach to a receptor Term What is the first messenger in the endocrine system? Definition Hormone Term HOw is a hormone second messenger involved? Definition It apears due to the hormone and carries the effect into the cell Term What is the stalk that suspends the pituitary from the hypothalamus? Definition infundibulum Term What is the "thing" that connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary? Definition Portal system Term Anterior Pituitary Gland (Location and hormones with function) Definition Follicle stimulating (stim egg/sperm), Luteinizing (ovulation, secret estrogen), Thyroid Stimulating Horm (growth of thyroid), Growth hormone Term Posterior Pituitary gland (Location and hormones with function) Definition Oxytocin (uterus contraction), Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (Acts on kidney-water retention) Term Pineal (Location and hormones with function) Definition roof of 3rd and 4th ventrical of brain, Serotonin (mood), Melatonin (night) Term Thymus (Location and hormones with function) Definition mediastinum, Thymosin (regulate development and activation of T Lymphocytes) Term Thyroid (Location and hormones with function) Definition Surrounds trachea (largest), Thyroxin (helps regulate metabolism), Calcitonin (regulates blood Ca+ levels, stimulates osteoblasts) Term Parathyroid (Location and hormones with function) Definition Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (works with thyroid to regulate blood Ca+), Calcitonin (stimulates calcium salt deposits in bone) Term Adrenal (Location and hormones with function) Definition Epinphrine & Norepinephrine - mobilize glucose, inhibits insulin, Sympathetic nervous system Term Adrenal Cortex(Location and hormones with function) Definition Alsosterone (acts on kidney to maintain electrolyte balance), Cortisol (helps body adapt to stress and repair itself) Term Pancreas (Location and hormones with function) Definition Insulin (stimulates glucose absorbtion), Glucagon (stimulates release of glucose into blood) Term Gonads (Location and hormones with function) Definition Ovary: Estrogen (stim female repro development, regulates mentral cycle), Progesterone (regulates menstral cycle and prepares mammary glands) Testes: Testosterone :dev male repro and physique, Estrogen - stabilizes sperm prod rate Term What is the effect of ADH on the kidney? Definition Decreases urinary water loss Term Which glands are the largest in children and shrink with age? Definition Thymus Term What hormones have an effect on growth and development? Definition Thyroid stimulating hormone, growth hormone, Estrogen, Progesterone, testosterone Term What two hormones work together to regulate Ca+ levels? Definition Calcitonin (when Blood Ca+ levels are high), Parathyroid hormone (when blood Ca+ levels are low) Term What hormone does the adrenal gland excrete that effects kidney functions? Definition Aldosterone Term What hormone stimulates ovulation and the production of sperm in testes? Definition Estrogen Term Disorders of the thyroid gland can result in what? Definition can effect growth, tissue repair, blood Ca+ levels Term What are the three body reactions to stress? Definition Alarm, resistance, exhaustion