Details Title: A&P Exam 3 Description: n/a Total Flash Cards: 111 Created: 03/30/2009 20:25:41		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Anatomy Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Albumin Definition osmotic pressure Term Alpha and Beta Globulins Definition transport and clotting Term Gamma Globulins Definition defenses Term Fibrinogen Definition clotting Term Amino Acids in hemoglobin Definition holds heme group which hold irons which interacts with oxygen for pigment Term Transport of CO2 Definition `10% dissolved, 30% on hemoglobin, 60% on carbonic acid Term Reticuloctye Definition loses nucleus before bone marrow Term Erythrocyte Definition mature/dead cell Term Erythropoietin control of erythopoiesis Definition monitors oxygen delivery in kidneys. effector site is bone marrow and makes more RBC Term Heme excretion Definition spleen (red) -> liver (green-bile) -> GI tract (brown) Term Neutrophils Definition 40-70%. picks up neither basic or acidic. dangerous enzymes, first to arrive. Phagocyte Term Eosinophils Definition picks up acidic dye. allergic response. 1-7%. worm infestation. Term Basophils Definition 0-1%. basic blue dye. histamine (inflammation) and heparine (prevents clotting) Term Monocytes Definition largest, come later, kill better. 4-8%. Phagocyte or isolate. Term Thrombocytes Definition Platelets- portion of cells from marrow for clotting Term Intrinsic Pathway Definition Hageman Factor Term Extrinsic Pathway Definition Tissue thromboplastin Term Common Pathway to Clotting Definition Calicum, platelet phospholipid, prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin, clot Term Breakdown of clot Definition plasminogen (inactive), plasmin (active, breaks down clot) Term Septum Definition connective tissue between two sides of heart Term Flow Definition = pressure1-pressue2/resistance Term Resistance Definition = number of molecule/size of box Term SA node Definition highest leak of Na+ comes to threshold 100 times/min. paces rest of system Term Atrial Gap Junctions Definition between right and left atrium Term Atrioventricular (AV) node Definition can comes to threshold without SA node Term Bundle of His Definition if it dies, put in pacemaker. electrical conduction goes through here. Term Purkinje fibers Definition keep synchrony Term P wave Definition depolarization of atrium Term QRS wave Definition depolarization of ventricle Term T wave Definition depolarization of ventricles Term Ventricular Filling Definition late diastole; from T to P for next QRS Term Isovolumetric ventricular contraction Definition early systole; ventricle begins to contract but not pumping out any blood. volume stays the same. first heart sound. Term Ventricular ejection Definition late systole; pump out of ventricle before atrium contracts Term Isovolumetric relaxation Definition early diastole; no blood flow. 2nd heart sound Term First heart sound Definition closing of AV valve Term Second heart sound Definition closing of aortic valve Term End diastolic volume Definition at QRS (130-140) Term End systolic volume Definition T wave (70-65) Term Stroke Volume (SV) Definition amount pumped out (65-75) Term Ejection Fraction Definition Stroke volume/end diastolic volume Term Cardiac Output Definition heart rate X stroke volume Term Pressure in R. and L. ventricle Definition 20 and 120 Term Pressure Definition HR X SV X Resistance Term Blood Transfusion Definition must have Nitrous Oxide to keep hemoglobin carrying oxygen Term Controls of Cardiac Output (3 physical, 2 neuroendocrine) Definition respiratory pump, skeletal muscle pump, venous constriction, sympathetic and parasympathetic Term Wall order of arteries Definition lumen, tunica intima (epithelial tissue), tunica media (smooth muscle), tunica adventitia (conn. tissue, tough) Term Capillary Walls Definition lumen and intima Term Types of Capillaries Definition Continuous (1-blood brain), Fenestrated (2-GI tract, kidneys), Sinusoids (multiple- liver) Term Hepatic Portal Circulation Definition nutrients and oxygen to liver. direct delivery. 1st cap in GI tract -> liver ->portal vein -> 2nd cap in liver -> hepatic vein -> inferior vena cava Term Hypophyseal Portal Circulation Definition 1st cap -> hypo portal vein -> 2nd cap -> pituitary vein -> superior vena cava. delivers releasing hormones Term Systolic Pressure Definition pumping into arteries, highest Term Diastolic Pressure Definition pumping out of arteries, lowest Term Pulse Pressure Definition systole- diastole Term MAP estimate in resting condition Definition DP + 1/3PP = MAP ~93 mmHG Term MAP estimate with stress Definition DP + 1/2 PP = MAP. ~ 100mmHG Term Resistance Definition length of tube X fluid viscosity/ radius of tube^4 Term MAP= Definition HR X SV X TPR Term Blood Flow through Organs (BFo) Definition MAP/Ro Term Control of MAP: Baroreceptors Definition Carotid and Aortic Baroreceptors, hypothalamus & medulla, Increase sympathetic, Heart muscle( HR&SV), Arterioles (Contrict-TPR, Veins (Contrict- VR EDV SV), Increase MAP Term Control of MAP: Renal Definition Kidney Barorecptors, Kidneys, Increase Renin- Angiotensin and Aldosterone, Arterioles (Constrict- TPR), Kidneys (NA+ and H2O retention, VR EDV SV), Increase MAP Term Control of MAP: Hypothalamic Definition Hypothalamic Baroreceptors, Hypothalamus, Increase ADH (vasopressin), Arterioles (constrict- TPR), Kidneys (H2O retention- VR, RDV, SV), Increase MAP Term Control of MAP: Capillary Definition Effects Capillaries, Water shifts into them, Increase VR EDV SR, Increase MAP Term Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Definition Liver releases angiotensinogen, Decrease MAP, Kidneys release renin, activates angiotensin, Increase TPR and Adrenals release aldosterone, Kidneys salt water retention, Increase SV Term Increases of blood flow in exercise Definition heart, skeletal muscle, skin Term Net Movement = Definition Filtration - absorption. positive is out, negative is in Term Filtration Definition out, hydrostatic pressure in capillaries (35) - hydrostatic pressure in intersititum (usually 0) Term Absorption Definition in, colloid osmotic pressure in capillaries (28) - colloid osmotic pressure in intersisitium (3) Term Lymph Definition formation by net filtration from blood. returned to venous circulation. Water, crystalloids, proteins, fats, WBC. (NO RBC) Term Functions of respiratory system Definition exchange of gases, regulation of pH, defenses, emotion and expression Term Alveoli Definition gas exchange. Type 1: squamous epithelia, Type 2: surfactant producing, alveolar macrophages (WBC, defenses) Term Inspiratory muscles Definition diaphragm for resting, external intercostals aid deep breaths Term Expiratory muscles Definition passive when resting, internal intercostals and ab muscles Term Bulk Flow for Breathing Definition pressure in alv - pressure in atm/ resistance Term Pressure in alveolar during inspiration and expiration Definition less than 0 air in, end of inspiration no air flow- lungs = pressure in atm, elastic recoil pressure greater than 0, pressure same as atm at end of expiration- no air flow Term Contraction Control in Bronchiole Smooth Muscle Definition Neuro -> ANS -> Para. -> Cholinergic receptors -> contraction -> constriction. Local -> decrease CO2 -> Contraction -> constriction Term Dilation Control in Brochiole Smooth Muscle Definition Neuro -> ANS -> epi -> Beta 2 receptors -> Relaxation -> Dilation. Local -> Increase CO2 -> Relaxation -> Dilation Term Surfactant Definition overcomes surface tension to increase compliance and decrease work of breathing. Type 2 cells produce phospholipid, sits in between water molecules Term Resting tidal volume Definition 500 ml. Term Inspiratory reserve volume Definition 3000 ml. additional air that can be inhaled. Term Expiratory reserve volume Definition 1 liter. additional air you can exhale after normal exhalation. Term Residual Volume Definition 1 liter. amount of air left in lungs after maximal exhalation. Term Inspiratory Capacity Definition 4 liters. Term Functional Residual Capacity Definition 2 liters. residual + expiratory residual Term Vital Capacity Definition 5 liters. everything minus out. Term Total Lung Capacity Definition 6 liters. Term Minute Respiratory Volume Definition 12 X 500 ml, RR X TV Term Anatomical Dead Space Definition space with no gas exchange. 150 ml. Term Calculation of alveolar ventilation Definition RR X (TV - ADS) Term Reflex Control of Ventilation Definition increase in CO2 and H in CSF and carotid &aortic bodies -> vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves -> medullary respiratory neurons, forced expiration, autorhythmic (pons) -> phrenic and intercostal nerves -> diaphragm and intercostal muscles -> increase ventilation Term Brain Stem Control of Ventilation (Pons) Definition direct for H=, pneumotaxic center, inhibits inspiratory, shorten inspiration, smooths ventilation Term Voluntary Control of Ventilation Definition speech, swallowing, coughing, crying, ect., cerebral cortex, varies with activity Term Time for RBS equilibrium to occur Definition .75 sec Term Bronchial Smooth Muscle Prediction Definition increased Co2 = dilation. decreased CO2 = constriction Term Pulmonary arterial Smooth Muscle Definition MATCH BLOOD FLOW TO AIR FLOW. Increased CO2 = constriction, decreased CO2 = dilation Term Systemic arterial Smooth Muscle Definition Deliver blood flow to areas of high metabolic use. Increased CO2 = dilation. Decreased CO2 = constriction Term Partial Pressure of Oxygen Definition PP= atm pressure X % of gas. can change where you are at (lower is more pressure) or amount of oxygen (usually 20%) Term Lower pulmonary HPc Definition decreases MAP and filtration and net absorption. prevents pulmonary edema which slows diffusion. Term Binding of Oxygen to Hemoglobin Definition Hb+O2 -> Hb02. (replaces in lungs) HbO2 -> Hb +02 (uses in tissue) Term Law of Mass Action Definition determines direction of reaction Term Partial Pressure of O3 on Hb Saturation Curve Definition 100 mm/hg in lungs, completely saturated. 20 mm/hg in tissue. about 25% delivered, 75% reserved on hb. Term Transport of CO2 Definition CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 (carbonic anhydrase in tissue) revered in lungs. H+ + HCO3 in tissue, reversed in lungs. Term Functions of Urinary System Definition control of fluid, electrolyte and acid base balance, excretion of wastes, endocrine (erythropoietin, renin, vit d) Term Internal of Kidney Definition renal cortex (outer), renal medulla (into tubes), major and minor calyces (collecting areas), renal pelvis (drains into picket then to ureter) Term Creating Urine Definition renal cortex and medulla Term Vascular Component of urine formation Definition afferent arterioles (into capillaries), glomerulus (filtered), efferent arteriole (going out), peritubular capillaries (wrapping around tubule) Term Tubule Component of urine creation Definition Om cortex of medulla. Glomerular capsule (filters into), proximal convoluted tubule (twisting), loop of henle (countercurrent), distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct (collect nephrons) Term Juxtaglomerular Apparatus Definition secretes renin, nothing to do with urine Term Calculation of Glomular Filtration Rate (GFR) Definition amount filtered = amount excreted. Volume(u) X (C)u/ (C)p Term Reabsorpiton Definition Active transport (Na and Ca), Cotransport (K, gl, aa, ua), Osmosis (H2O), Facilitated Diffusion (Cl, SO4, PO4), Simple Diffusion (urea) Term Loop of Henle Definition reabsorbs Na+ and secretes K and H. one cation for one cation. Term Simple Diffusion secretion in urine Definition NH3 (ammonia)