Details Title: A&P Exam #2 Description: n/a Total Flash Cards: 86 Created: 03/07/2009 11:57:08		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Anatomy Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Neural Control System Definition nerve cells within spinal cord and brain. electrical signals on neurons. effects all types of muscle. Term Endocrine Control System Definition change secretion in blood. hormones in blood stream. smooth & cardiac muscle and exocrine glands. NOT SKELETAL Term Neuroendocrine Control System Definition hypothalamus. action potentials or hormones in blood. all muscle and exocrine glands except skeletal muscle. Term Axon Hillock Definition where integration (action potential) occurs Term Telodendria Definition release of neurotransmitter at the end Term Neurotubules Definition within axon, tied in knots in Alzheimer's Term Astrocyte Definition servant for neurons in CNS. around blood vessel to neuron for O and nutrients Term Ependymal Cell Definition blood brain barrier. tight junctions. CNS. Term oligodendrocyte Definition creates myelin sheath. = neurolemmoytes. CNS. Term Microglial Cell Definition destroy harmful substances and get rid of dead tissue. phagocytes. CNS. Term Neurolemmocyte (Schwann Cells) Definition create myelin sheath. PNS. Term Satellite Cell Definition = astrocyte. Servant. PNS. Term Regeneration in nervous system Definition glia can regenerate. Myelin sheath must be intact to repair axons. Term Electrical Signal Definition change in membrane potential Term Resting membrane potential Definition -30 to -90 millevolts Term Signal Transduction Definition open or close pores to release 2nd messenger Term Characteristics of Action Potentials Definition all or none, larger stimuli means higher frequency not height, refractory period Term Relative Refractory Period Definition during resting phase, further away from threshold in hyperpolarization after repolarization Term Saltatory Conduction Definition speeds up rate of conduction. Na+ diffuses and rushes in for another AP Term Synaptic Delay Definition exocytosis, diffusion, attach to next cell, bring up to threshold Term Stopping Transmission Definition degrading or reuptake of neurotransmitter to presynatpic cell Term Temporal vs. Spatial Summation of EPSPs and IPSPs Definition temporal is at the SAME place, spatial is at DIFFERENT places Term Divergence Definition input can go to a number of neurons by splitting simultaneously (wiring) Term Convergence Definition one neuron can receive input from number of neurons at same time Term Nucleus vs. Ganglion Definition cells bodies in CNS and PNS Term Tract vs. Nerve Definition collection of axons in CNS and PNS Term Number of Spinal Nerves Definition 8 C, 12 T, 5 L, 5 S, 1 Cocc Term Conus Medullaris Definition tightly bound to lose axons in thoracic region Term Cauda Equina Definition fibers separate, attached to sacrum by filum terminale Term Filum Terminale Definition anchors neural tissue in spinal cord Term Dura Mater Definition outer layer of spine. tough w lots of collagen Term Arachnoid Definition 2nd layer, web like with absorption Term Pia Mater Definition 3rd layer, tiny Term Epidural Space Definition spaces in between, on top of dura Term Subdural Space Definition under dura Term Subarachnoid Space Definition below arachnoid Term Posterior (Dorsal) Horn Definition afferent sensory input Term Anterior (ventral) Horns Definition efferent motor/secretory output Term Ascending Tracts Definition sensory Term Descending Tracts Definition Motor (horns) Term Decussation of tracts Definition crossing over. contralateral. Ipsilateral means they do not crossover Term Cerebrum Definition conscious awareness of stimuli Term Cerebellum Definition unconscious proprioception Term Pyramidal Motor Tracts Definition run through pyramids of medulla for voluntary movement Term extrapyramidal motor tracts Definition outside pyramids of medulla for unconscious coordination of movement Term Falx cerebri Definition division lined by dura, separates two hemispheres superficially Term tentorium Definition separates cerebrum from cerebellum Term incisure of tentorium Definition opening where upper portion of brain pushes down on lower, connects brain with diencephalon Term Interventricular foramen of Monro Definition communication between lateral ventricles Term Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius Definition under lateral ventricles Term Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Definition 120 ml, makes 300 ml daily. sends it to plasma to recirculate. synthesized in choroid plexus of ventricles. returns to blood with arachnoid villi Term Lumbar Puncture Definition cauda equina in subarachnoid space Term Medulla Definition respiratory center, gagging, vomiting, coughing, swallowing, decussation of pyramidal tracts Term Pons Definition higher respiratory center, RAS Term Coordination Definition basal ganglion to gamma Term Mid Brain Definition incisure of tentorium, aqueduct of sylvius, locus cerulus (what you pay attention to) Term Cerebellum Definition unconscious ascending preprioception tract, coordinate movement, auditory, balance Term Diencephalon Definition center of brain, thalamus & hypothalamus Term Thalamus Definition surrounds 3rd ventricle, relay station for sensory info Term Hypothalamus Definition head nucleus of ANS to viscera. Motivation. Term Cerebrum Functions Definition posture and position Term Association fibers in white matter Definition linkages within same hemisphere Term Comissural fibers Definition one hemisphere to the other, corpus callosum Term Left Brain Definition reasoning, analyzing, language Term Right Brain Definition holistic, musical, spatial, nonverbal concepts Term Central Sulcus Definition divides sensory from motor area (frontal to parietal) Term Lateral Cerebral Sulcus (fissure of Sylvius) Definition frontal, temporal and parietal Term Parieto-occipital Sulcus Definition separates occipital from parietal Term Frontal Lobe Definition higher more sophisticated area, motivation, consequences, morals, moderate emotions, priorities. Broca speech area Term Parietal Love Definition primary sensory cortex (post central gyrus) touch pain temp taste. Sensory Association Areas: evaluation and interpretation. creating memories. Wernicke's language area to understand speech Term Temporal Lobe Definition don't cross over. Equilibrium for sound waves and position. Short (hypocampus) and long term memory. Emotions (smell is strongest) Term Occipital Lobe Definition Visual perception, comprehension of written word (Wernicke's). Language (tactile, visual, hearing) Term Limbic Definition olfactory cortex in uncus for defenses, amygdala (fear, anger, rage) hippocamus (short term memory, time) Cingulate nuclei (sense of identity) Term Insula or central lobe Definition control autonomic responses with hypothalamus. Respond quickly to stress. Term Somatic Nervous System efferent input Definition gamma motor neurons: extrapyramidal tracts. alpha motor neurons pyramidal tracts. Term Spinal Nerves- Roots Definition Afferent- Dorsal Root Ganglion. Efferent- Ventral Roots. Term Ventral Rami Definition come to front, form plexus Term Communicantes Rami Definition goes to viscera Term Initiation of Movement Definition precentral gyrus Term Stretch Reflex Steps Definition gamma motor neurons to intrafusil fibers of muscle spindle -> stretch -> receptors sense stretch -> send afferent info to spinal cord -> integration in spine between receptors and alpha motor neurons -> alpha respond causing extrafusil to contract -> muscle tone -> inhibit gamma motor reflex to smooth motion Term Preganglionic fibers Definition from spinal to ganglion Term post ganglionic fibers Definition from ganglion to organs Term CNS -> SNS neurotransmitters Definition ACH & nicotinic Term CNS -> ANS: Para Neurotransmitters Definition ACH & nicotinic -> ACH & Muscarinic Term CNS -> ANS: Sym Neurotransmitters Definition ACH & Nicotinic -> NE & Alpha Term CNS -> ANS: Symp- Medulla Definition ACH & Adrenal -> Epi, NE, dopamine -> Alpha, beta, dopamine